1580 lines
59 KiB
HTML
1580 lines
59 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
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<html>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
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content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 2.0">
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<title>GNO Shell User's Manual</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Chapter 3</font></p>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Using the GNO Shell more
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productively</font></p>
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<p align="right"><font size="2" face="Times">"And then one
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day, hooray! Another way for gnomes to say hooray!"</font></p>
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<p align="right"><font size="2" face="Times">Syd Barret, The
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Gnome</font></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b></b></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b></b></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>What does this command do?</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">If you are unfamiliar with what a
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particular command actually does or what arguments it accepts,
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you can check quickly by using the electronic manual. GNO/ME
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includes a utility called <b>man </b>which displays the manual
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pages for a command whose name you supply as an argument. The <b>man</b>
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utility uses another utility called <b>more</b> to actually
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display the pages nicely on the screen. While both of these
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utilities have electronic manual entries, we have included the
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printed manual pages in the GNO/ME package to get you started.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Option Arguments</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">As mentioned in Chapter 2 <b>Executing
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Commands</b>, arguments are passed to a command to extend its
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usefulness. The arguments presented in the last chapter were
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words, such as foo, bar and foo.c. Standards exist under unix for
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programs to accept command-line option arguments. Option
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arguments (as the name suggests) are optional. There are two
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standards, short options and long options. Short options are
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characters that represent commands, whereas long options contain
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the entire option name.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">Consider the following output of the </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">CATALOG</font><font face="Times"> command
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from ProDOS:</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">/DEV</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">NAME TYPE BLOCKS MODIFIED
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CREATED ENDFILE SUBTYPE</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">FINDER.DATA $C9 1 21-OCT-91
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22:38 14-APR-90 18:24 260 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">FINDER.ROOT $C9 1 22-OCT-91
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17:12 6-OCT-91 15:40 82 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">GENESYS DIR 1 21-OCT-91 23:37
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25-APR-91 15:46 512 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">GSBUG DIR 1 21-OCT-91 23:38
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19-JUL-90 16:48 512 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">MERLIN DIR 2 22-OCT-91 2:50
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30-APR-91 20:21 1024 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">LIFEGUARD $B3 73 4-SEP-87 4:51
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25-DEC-89 20:22 36608 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ORCA DIR 2 22-OCT-91 17:12
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14-SEP-89 18:27 1024 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">GNO DIR 2 22-OCT-91 17:12
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13-AUG-91 16:36 1024 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">FAST.ANIM DIR 2 21-OCT-91 23:44
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11-MAY-91 10:50 1024 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">MICOL DIR 2 22-OCT-91 3:10
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14-JAN-90 2:46 1024 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">SRC DIR 1 21-OCT-91 23:44
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7-AUG-91 20:30 512 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">NIFTYLIST.V3.3 DIR 2 21-OCT-91
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23:44 29-JUL-91 4:04 1024 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">MCSRC DIR 1 21-OCT-91 23:45
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7-AUG-91 20:34 512 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">BLOCKS FREE:43923 BLOCKS
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USED:21185 TOTAL BLOCKS:65108</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">It is impossible to get any variation in
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the format of this output. While the GNO/ME utility <b>ls</b>
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serves the same purpose as the command </font><font size="2"
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face="Courier">CATALOG</font><font face="Times"> from Applesoft
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BASIC, it has a wide number of options which can tailor the
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output to specific needs. Here is how <b>ls</b> can be used to
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give similar output to the </font><font face="Courier">CATALOG</font><font
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face="Times"> command:</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] 2:13am root % <b>ls -l</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">:dev</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">total 45k</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">drw--rd 0000 dir 512 Oct 21
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23:45 1991 MCSrc</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">drw--rd 0000 dir 1024 Oct 21
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23:44 1991 NiftyList.v3.3</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">drw--rd 0000 dir 1024 Oct 21
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23:44 1991 fast.anim</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">drw--rd 0000 dir 512 Oct 21
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23:37 1991 genesys</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">drw--rd 0000 dir 1024 Oct 22
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17:29 1991 gno</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">drw--rd 0000 dir 512 Oct 21
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23:38 1991 gsbug</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">drw--rd 0000 dir 1024 Oct 22
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02:50 1991 merlin</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">drw--rd 0000 dir 1024 Oct 22
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03:10 1991 micol</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">drw--rd 0100 dir 1024 Oct 22
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17:28 1991 orca</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">drw--rd 0000 dir 512 Oct 21
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23:44 1991 src</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">The </font><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>-l</b></font><font
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face="Times"> short option argument tells <b>ls</b> to format the
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output in long format. <b>ls</b> supports only short options. If <b>ls</b>
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did support long options, the above command could be changed to <b>ls
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+format-long</b>. This is clearly more descriptive of what
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function <b>ls</b> will perform. For users to new to the U</font><font
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size="2" face="Times">NIX</font><font face="Times"> environment,
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long format options are more user-friendly. However, advanced U</font><font
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size="2" face="Times">NIX</font><font face="Times"> users prefer
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short options because of their brevity.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">As indicated above, <b>ls</b> has a wide
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number of options available to format the output. Use the command
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"<b>ls -?</b>"<b> </b>to get a short list of these
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options. It is left as an exercise for the user to discover how
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these options affect the output of <b>ls</b>. For a complete
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description of the <b>ls</b> command and its options use the
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command <b>man ls</b>.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">As an example of the usage and importance
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of long options, the following is the result of the </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">+help</font><font face="Times"> option
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given to the <b>coff</b> utility. Note the use of both short and
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long options:</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">coff [-OPTIONS] filename
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[segment..] [loadsegment..]</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">OPTIONS DESCRIPTION</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-v [+version] display coff's
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version number</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-D [+default] disable default
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options</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-d [+asm] dump segment body in
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65816-format disassembly</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-T [+tool] interpret Toolbox,
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GS/OS, ProDOS, ROM calls</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-x [+hex] dump segment body in
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hex (can be used with '+asm')</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-l [+label] print expressions
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using labels (default is offsets)</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-t [+infix] display expressions
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in infix form</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-p [+postfix] display
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expressions in postfix form (default)</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-m [+merlin] format of '+asm' to
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use merlin opcodes (default)</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-o [+orca] format of '+asm' to
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use orca/m opcodes</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-a [+shorta] assume 8-bit
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accumulator for disassembly</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-i [+shorti] assume 8-bit index
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registers for disassembly</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-s [+header] dump segment
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headers only</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-n [+noheader] do not print
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segment headers</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-f [+nooffset] do not print
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offset into file</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">-h [+help] print this
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information, then quit</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">filename name of file to dump</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[segment] names of segments in
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file to dump</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[loadsegment] names of load
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segments in file to dump</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">The long options are much more descriptive,
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and provide a very easy way to remember options of programs. If
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an option passed to a shell utility program is not understood by
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that program, you will generally receive an error message stating
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that the option is not understood. If the program is
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user-friendly, a brief list of supported options will also be
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displayed.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Entering Multiple commands</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">It is possible to give multiple commands to
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the GNO shell for processing. To execute multiple commands, place
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a semi-colon, ";", between them. The commands will be
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executed sequentially in the order they are entered on the
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command-line. Take care not to exceed the 1024 character
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command-line buffer. It is possible to execute multiple commands
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at the same time, this feature is discussed in Chapter 3 <b>Background
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Execution of Commands</b>.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">To run the <b>echo</b> command and the <b>ls</b>
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command in succession, enter the following on the command line:</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>echo Running ls ; ls -l</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">The output of the preceeding command will
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display the string "</font><font size="2" face="Courier">Running
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ls</font><font face="Times">" followed by the output of the
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"<b>ls -l</b>" command. This method of running several
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commands in succession is used often to save typing.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Using Aliases as Shorthand</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>gsh</b> provides a built-in command, </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">alias</font><font face="Times">, which
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allows any command you would type on the command-line to be
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renamed. You are not limited to renaming a single command name.
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Rather, you could rename an entire command-line, which could
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allow you to use the name "</font><font size="2"
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face="Courier">backup</font><font face="Times">" to execute
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the command "</font><font size="2" face="Courier">backup
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+source /system +destination /tape.drive</font><font face="Times">".
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The </font><font size="2" face="Courier">alias</font><font
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face="Times"> command is also a very powerful means of
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customizing your GNO environment to emulate other computing
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environments.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">To emulate the ORCA environment, the
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following aliases could be entered into your <i>gshrc</i> file,
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or a script called <i>orca.alias</i> that <i>gshrc</i> would run:</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>alias copy cp</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>alias cat "ls -l"</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>alias catalog "ls
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-l"</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>alias move mv</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>alias rename mv</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>alias delete rm</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>alias type cat</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>alias prefix cd</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>alias create mkdir</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">If you alias a string containing multiple
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words, you must enclose the string in quotes, as done for the
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catalog alias.<b> gsh </b>interprets the string as one value. If
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you do not include both the opening and closing quotes, the alias
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command will notify you of your error.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">You can view any alias' that are set by
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entering the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">alias</font><font
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face="Times"> command without any arguments. The setting of a
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particular alias can be viewed by entering one argument
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consisting of the name of the alias to view.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">If you wish to remove an alias, use the
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command </font><font size="2" face="Courier">unalias</font><font
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face="Times"> with the aliased name as the argument. To remove
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the aliases from the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">orca.alias</font><font
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face="Times"> file given above, you could do the following:</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>unalias copy cat catalog
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move rename delete type prefix create</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">Unlike the </font><font size="2"
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face="Courier">alias</font><font face="Times"> command, the </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">unalias</font><font face="Times"> command
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can take multiple arguments. See Chapter 5 <b>Built-in Commands</b>
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for further discussion of the </font><font size="2"
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face="Courier">alias</font><font face="Times"> and </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">unalias</font><font face="Times">
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commands. </font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Redirecting Input and Output</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">Most shell utilities write their output to
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the screen. However, under GNO/ME, like ORCA, it is possible to
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redirect<b> </b>that output to a file or a GS/OS device. The
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output of the <b>ls</b> command above was imported into this
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manual by redirecting it to a file. In addition to redirecting
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the output of a shell utility, it is also possible to redirect
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the input of that utility. Consider the following <b>gsh</b>
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session:</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1]% <b>echo this is a test</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">this is a test</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2]% <b>echo this is a test >
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file1</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3]% <b>cat file1</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">this is a test</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[4]% <b>cat < file1</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">this is a test</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">In the example above, <b>cat</b> takes
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input from <i>standard input</i>. In command 3 above, <b>cat</b>
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takes as an argument the filename file1 and writes the contents
|
|
of that file to <i>standard output</i>. Where no filename
|
|
argument is given, <b>cat</b> reads input from standard input and
|
|
writes the output to standard output</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">In the case of command 4 above, <b>cat</b>
|
|
contains no arguments and therefore reads from standard input.
|
|
However, <b>gsh</b> interprets the "<" redirection
|
|
operator and opens the file </font><font size="2" face="Courier">file1</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> for use as standard input. Therefore, <b>cat</b>
|
|
will take its input from </font><font size="2" face="Courier">file1</font><font
|
|
face="Times">, even though it thinks it is reading input from
|
|
standard input. This input redirection is transparent to the
|
|
utility, making it work with most shell utilities.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Command 2 above created a new file called
|
|
file1. If this file had existed prior to the command then it
|
|
would have been erased. It is possible to append output to the
|
|
end of the file by using the "</font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">>></font><font face="Times">"
|
|
redirection operator. Consider the following <b>gsh</b> session:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[5]% <b>echo second line
|
|
>> file1</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[6]% <b>cat file1</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">this is a test</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">second line</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Output that is sent to <i>standard error</i>,
|
|
can also be redirected. The "</font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">>&</font><font face="Times">" operator
|
|
redirects standard error to a file and "</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">>>&</font><font face="Times">"
|
|
appends standard error to the end of the file. Below is a summary
|
|
of the redirection operators:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Standard Input Standard Output Standard
|
|
Error</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><</font><font face="Times">
|
|
Redirect Input from file</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">></font><font face="Times"> </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">>&</font><font face="Times">
|
|
Redirect Output to file</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">>></font><font
|
|
face="Times"> </font><font size="2" face="Courier">>>&</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> Redirect Output to EOF</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Output can be redirected to a storage
|
|
device, printer, modem, or any other valid GNO or GS/OS device.
|
|
This provides a very powerful means of communicating directly
|
|
with these devices from within <b>gsh</b>. One quick and dirty
|
|
example of redirection allows a background version of <b>gsh</b>
|
|
to be run on a terminal connected directly through the modem
|
|
serial port:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1]% <b>gsh < ttya > ttya
|
|
>& ttya &</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b></b></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Pipelines</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">In addition to the redirection operators,
|
|
there is one additional operator which gives control over how
|
|
input and output are handled. The operator is a <b>pipeline</b>,
|
|
"</font><font size="2" face="Courier">|</font><font
|
|
face="Times">". Pipelines allow the standard output of one
|
|
command to be used as the standard input to another command. This
|
|
is almost equivalent to running the first command with its output
|
|
redirected to a temporary file, then running the second command
|
|
with its input redirected from the temporary file, then removing
|
|
the temporary file. Pipelines make useful <i>filter</i> processes
|
|
where the output of one command can be sent to another command
|
|
which filters the output to whatever parameters you give the
|
|
second command. As an example, you could display all the
|
|
filenames with the character "a" in their name:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1]% <b>echo foo > file1;
|
|
echo abc >> file1; echo aabc >> file1</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2]% <b>echo GNO >> file1;
|
|
echo standard >> file1; echo oof >> file1</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3]% <b>cat file1</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">foo</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">abc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">aabc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">GNO</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">standard</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">oof</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[4]% <b>cat file1 | grep 'a'</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">abc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">aabc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">standard</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Pipelines are useful when you wish to view
|
|
lines of text in a file that contain a phrase, or if you want to
|
|
connect two programs directly, bypassing intermediate files. It
|
|
is also possible to connect multiple commands with multiple
|
|
pipelines.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Pipelines are frequently used for paging
|
|
output. The <b>coff</b> program mentioned above prints the output
|
|
of an OMF disassembly to the screen but does not pause when a key
|
|
is pressed. In order to pause the display, the output must be
|
|
piped through a paging utility. The ORCA shell requires that you
|
|
wait for the entire command to complete execution before the
|
|
pipeline is processed. However, GNO/ME executes both commands
|
|
concurrently which allows the <b>coff</b> utility to execute
|
|
while the paging utility displays the program output. GNO/ME
|
|
comes with two page utilities, <b>more</b> and <b>less</b>.
|
|
Complete desciptions of <b>coff</b>, <b>more</b>, <b>less</b> can
|
|
be found in the electronic manual using the <b>man</b> command.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">c.<b>Background Execution of Commands</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">A major benefit of GNO/ME is <i>multitasking</i>.
|
|
Multitasking is a means of running multiple applications at once
|
|
(not literally but very close). On the Apple IIGS, GNO/ME
|
|
accomplishes pre-emptive multitasking by switching among
|
|
applications that are running in the background. Any GNO/ME
|
|
utility can be run in the background. Applications running in the
|
|
background generally run for the same period of time (GNO/ME
|
|
switches between applications 20 times a second).</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">To background a shell utility, place the
|
|
"</font><font size="2" face="Courier">&</font><font
|
|
face="Times">" character at the end of the command-line. The
|
|
GNO shell displays a unique process ID and job number for each
|
|
backgrounded command.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">It is possible to use the background
|
|
character "</font><font size="2" face="Courier">&</font><font
|
|
face="Times">" to separate commands as with the
|
|
";" character. Each command with a following "</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">&</font><font face="Times">" is
|
|
executed in the background.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Up to 32 processes can executed
|
|
concurrently under the GNO Kernel.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Warning: When you exit the GNO Shell all
|
|
processes will be terminated including any you may have running
|
|
in the background.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Below is a sample session with background
|
|
tasks:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[5] script> <b>ps</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ID STATE TT MMID UID TIME
|
|
COMMAND</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 ready co 1002 0000 0:45
|
|
NullProcess</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">2 ready co 1007 0000 0:05 gsh</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">138 running co 1006 0000 0:00 ps</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[6] script> <b>cmpl +p
|
|
script.c keep=script > outputfile &</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + 141 Running cmpl +p
|
|
script.c keep=script &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[7] script> <b>ps</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ID STATE TT MMID UID TIME
|
|
COMMAND</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 ready co 1002 0000 0:45
|
|
NullProcess</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">2 ready co 1007 0000 0:05 gsh</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">141 waiting co 1006 0000 0:00
|
|
cmpl +p script.c keep=script</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">142 ready co 100B 0000 0:00 5/cc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">143 running co 100D 0000 0:00 ps</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[8] script> <b>cmpl +p
|
|
script.asm keep=script1 > output2 & ps ; ls -s</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2] - 145 Running cmpl +p
|
|
script.asm keep=script1 &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ID STATE TT MMID UID TIME
|
|
COMMAND</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 ready co 1002 0000 0:45
|
|
NullProcess</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">2 ready co 1007 0000 0:05 gsh</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">141 waiting co 1006 0000 0:00
|
|
cmpl +p script.c keep=script</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">144 ready co 100E 0000 0:07
|
|
5/linker</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.145 ready co 100D 0000 0:00
|
|
cmpl +p script.asm keep=script1</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">146 running co 100F 0000 0:00 ps</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">147 ready co 1011 0000 0:00
|
|
5/asm65816</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">3 barf 1 outputfile 6 script.asm
|
|
1 script.root</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 foobar 19 script 3 script.c 36
|
|
script.sym</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 output2 6 script.a 6
|
|
script.mac 1 typescript</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[9] script> <b>cp script.asm
|
|
script2 &</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3] 150 Running cp script.asm
|
|
script2 &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2] - Done cmpl +p script.asm
|
|
keep=script1 &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Done cmpl +p script.c
|
|
keep=script &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3] - Done cp script.asm script2
|
|
&</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[10] script> <b>ps</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ID STATE TT MMID UID TIME
|
|
COMMAND</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 ready co 1002 0000 0:45
|
|
NullProcess</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">2 ready co 1007 0000 0:05 gsh</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">151 running co 1006 0000 0:00 ps</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The first command line sends the </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier"><b>ps</b></font><font face="Times">
|
|
command to the shell. </font><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>ps</b></font><font
|
|
face="Times"> lists the processes currently being executed by the
|
|
GNO kernel. The processes named <b>gsh</b> and <b>NullProcess</b>
|
|
are always present. For a complete description of the </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier"><b>ps</b></font><font face="Times"><b> </b>command
|
|
see Chapter 4 <b>Kernel Commands</b>.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">When a command is executing in the
|
|
background, keyboard input is not sent to it. However, output is
|
|
still treated in the same way. If the command sends output to the
|
|
standard output or standard error, the screen will become
|
|
cluttered. Try this example:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1]% <b>ls -l&</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2]% <b>ls -l</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Both the output of commands #1 and #2 will
|
|
be sent to the screen. After command #1 is entered and you begin
|
|
typing command #2, you will see the output of the first "</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">ls -l</font><font face="Times">"
|
|
command being sent to the screen while you enter command #2.
|
|
Utilities which produce output should have their standard output
|
|
and standard error redirected to a file when they are executed in
|
|
the background. See Chapter 3 <b>Redirecting </b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Input and Output</b>.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Executing commands in the background
|
|
hinders the performance of the Apple IIGS. This is not too
|
|
noticeable when one or two commands are being executed but
|
|
performance will degrade more noticably as more commands are
|
|
started. The Apple IIGS was not designed as a multitasking
|
|
computer so the performance of GNO/ME should be understandable.
|
|
If you have an accelerator (such as the Transwarp GS or Zip GS)
|
|
installed, performance of multiple tasks will be acceptable.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b></b></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Now that command backgrounding and
|
|
multitasking have been discussed, some more definitions can be
|
|
mentioned. A process is a command which has been submitted to the
|
|
shell for execution. <b>Gsh</b> contains a set of special
|
|
commands which make dealing with processes much easier. <b>gsh</b>
|
|
treats each command entered at the command-line as a <b>job</b>,
|
|
where a single job may contain multiple processes. For example:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>ls</b> {one command, one
|
|
process, one job}</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>ls ; ps</b> {two commands,
|
|
two processes, two jobs}</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>ls & ps</b> {two
|
|
commands, two processes, two jobs}</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>ls | more</b> {two
|
|
processes, one job)</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">When a job is run from the shell, it can be
|
|
in several modes of operation. Jobs can be in any of three
|
|
states: <b>running</b>, <b>stopped</b>, or <b>done</b>. A job can
|
|
be executing in either the foreground or the background.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Commands exist to place a job in any mode
|
|
of operation. When a job is run directly from a command-line it
|
|
is running and it is in the foreground. Since the command-line
|
|
cannot be accessed, two special keys have been defined: </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier"><b>^C</b></font><font face="Times"> kills
|
|
the job and </font><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>^Z</b></font><font
|
|
face="Times"> will stop the job. When the job is killed, it is
|
|
gone forever, but a stopped job can be restarted. When a job is
|
|
stopped, the kernel suspends each of the processes in the job.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Jobs that are running in the background or
|
|
have been stopped can be accessed using several built-in
|
|
commands. The <b>bg</b> command will place a job in the
|
|
background, placing it in the running state if necessary. The <b>fg</b>
|
|
command will similarly place a job in the foreground, and the <b>stop</b>
|
|
command will stop a backgrounded job. The <b>kill</b> command
|
|
will terminate a job.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Each time <b>job control</b> is accessed, a
|
|
special job status line is displayed following the command. The
|
|
first item on the left in brackets is the job number. Next is a
|
|
single character, either a '</font><font size="2" face="Courier">+</font><font
|
|
face="Times">', '</font><font size="2" face="Courier">-</font><font
|
|
face="Times">', or a blank. The '</font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">+</font><font face="Times">' designates the
|
|
currently accessed job, the '</font><font size="2" face="Courier">-</font><font
|
|
face="Times">' is the previously accessed job, and all other jobs
|
|
are not specified. The </font><font size="2" face="Courier">jobs</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> command will display a list of all jobs.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">This example was used in Chapter 3 <b>Background
|
|
Execution of Commands</b>, but now more of the notation will be
|
|
understandable</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[5] script> <b>ps</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ID STATE TT MMID UID TIME
|
|
COMMAND</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 ready co 1002 0000 0:45
|
|
NullProcess</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">2 ready co 1007 0000 0:05 gsh</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">138 running co 1006 0000 0:00 ps</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[6] script> <b>cmpl +p
|
|
script.c keep=script > outputfile &</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + 141 Running cmpl +p
|
|
script.c keep=script &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[7] script> <b>ps</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ID STATE TT MMID UID TIME
|
|
COMMAND</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 ready co 1002 0000 0:45
|
|
NullProcess</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">2 ready co 1007 0000 0:05 gsh</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">141 waiting co 1006 0000 0:00
|
|
cmpl +p script.c keep=script</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">142 ready co 100B 0000 0:00 5/cc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">143 running co 100D 0000 0:00 ps</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[8] script> <b>cmpl +p
|
|
script.asm keep=script1 > output2 & ps ; ls -s</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2] - 145 Running cmpl +p
|
|
script.asm keep=script1 &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ID STATE TT MMID UID TIME
|
|
COMMAND</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 ready co 1002 0000 0:45
|
|
NullProcess</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">2 ready co 1007 0000 0:05 gsh</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">141 waiting co 1006 0000 0:00
|
|
cmpl +p script.c keep=script</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">144 ready co 100E 0000 0:07
|
|
5/linker</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.145 ready co 100D 0000 0:00
|
|
cmpl +p script.asm keep=script1</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">146 running co 100F 0000 0:00 ps</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">147 ready co 1011 0000 0:00
|
|
5/asm65816</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">3 barf 1 outputfile 6 script.asm
|
|
1 script.root</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 foobar 19 script 3 script.c 36
|
|
script.sym</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 output2 6 script.a 6
|
|
script.mac 1 typescript</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[9] script> <b>cp script.asm
|
|
script2 &</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3] 150 Running cp script.asm
|
|
script2 &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2] - Done cmpl +p script.asm
|
|
keep=script1 &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Done cmpl +p script.c
|
|
keep=script &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3] - Done cp script.asm script2
|
|
&</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[10] script> <b>ps</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ID STATE TT MMID UID TIME
|
|
COMMAND</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 ready co 1002 0000 0:45
|
|
NullProcess</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">2 ready co 1007 0000 0:05 gsh</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">151 running co 1006 0000 0:00 ps</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Each of the special commands, bg, fg, stop
|
|
and kill, take an argument which specifies the job to perform the
|
|
operation on. The argument is either a number specifying the
|
|
process id, or a '</font><font size="2" face="Courier">%</font><font
|
|
face="Times">' followed by one of the following: '</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">+</font><font face="Times">' or '</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">%</font><font face="Times">' for the
|
|
current job, a '</font><font size="2" face="Courier">-</font><font
|
|
face="Times">' for the previous job, or a number to specify any
|
|
specific job. If nothing follows the '</font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">%</font><font face="Times">' or the argument is
|
|
missing, then the current job is the default.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] gno> <b>cat gshrc</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">###</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">#</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"># GNO 2.0 gshrc file</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">#</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">###</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">#</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"># Initialize our environment</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">#</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">set path=":right:gno:bin
|
|
:right:gno:usr:bin"</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">set prompt="[%h] %S%t%s
|
|
%C> "</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">set
|
|
home=":right:gno:user:root"</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">set term=gnocon</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">export path prompt home term</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">setenv history=100 savehist=25</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">###</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">#</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">#Set up standard prefixes for
|
|
utilities.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">#</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">###</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 2
|
|
:software:orca:libraries</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 3 :software:orca</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 4 :software:orca:shell</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 5 :software:or<b>^Z</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Stopped (signal) cat gshrc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2] gno> <b>jobs</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Running cat gshrc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3] gno> <b>bg </b>{output
|
|
was not redirected, so screen gets cluttered}</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Running cat gshrc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ca:languages</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 6
|
|
:software:orca:utilities</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 7 :tmp</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">###</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">#</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"># Set up prefixes for
|
|
Orca2.0(tm)'s benefit</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">#</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">###</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 13
|
|
:software:orca:libraries</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 14 :software:orca</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 15 :software:or</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[4] gno> <b>stop </b>{Incredibly
|
|
fast typing :-) }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Stopped (signal) cat gshrc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[5] gno> <b>jobs</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Running cat gshrc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[6] gno> <b>fg</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Running cat gshrc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ca:shell</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 16
|
|
:software:orca:languages</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">prefix 17
|
|
:software:orca:utilities</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">alias ls 'ls -CF'</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">alias dir 'ls -al'</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">alias cp 'cp -i'</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">alias rm 'cp -p rm'</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">alias mv 'cp -p mv'</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">setenv usr<b>^Z</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Stopped (signal) cat gshrc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[7] gno> <b>jobs</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Running cat gshrc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[8] gno> <b>kill %1</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[9] gno> <b>jobs</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[10] gno></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">There is one additional way that a job may
|
|
be stopped. If the job is placed in the background and it
|
|
attempts to read from the console, the job will be stopped, and
|
|
the status line says "</font><font size="2" face="Courier">(tty
|
|
input)</font><font face="Times">" as the reason for the job
|
|
being stopped. The job should be foregrounded so that the user
|
|
may enter input to the program. It can then be placed back in the
|
|
background as necessary (with </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">^Z</font><font face="Times"> and </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">bg</font><font face="Times">).</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Working with Pathnames</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">To move easily to directories descended
|
|
from the home directory, <b>gsh</b> provides the "</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier"><b>~</b></font><font face="Times">"
|
|
(tilde) character. This character represents the home directory.
|
|
Therefore, if your home directory was "</font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">:hard:gno:user:root</font><font face="Times">",
|
|
you could use the command "</font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier"><b>cd ~</b></font><font face="Times">" to
|
|
move to the home directory (note that </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">cd</font><font face="Times"> without any arguments
|
|
also defaults to the home directory). To move to subdirectories
|
|
of the home directory, you could use the command "</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier"><b>cd ~/dir1</b></font><font face="Times">"
|
|
command. The tilde character is recognized by <b>gsh</b> before
|
|
the command is interpreted.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Another special sequence "</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier"><b>..</b></font><font face="Times">",
|
|
when used as part of a pathname, will strip the last path between
|
|
pathname seperators. For example, the pathname
|
|
"/dev/gno/.." would be expanded to "</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">/dev</font><font face="Times">". The
|
|
"</font><font size="2" face="Courier">/gno</font><font
|
|
face="Times">" path is stripped as it is before the periods.
|
|
This provides an excellent way to backup into your directories.
|
|
"Backing up" is limited by the volume directory of the
|
|
device being used. </font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Additionally, the character "</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier"><b>.</b></font><font face="Times">",
|
|
can be used to signify the current directory.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Examples:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[/dev/gno]% <b>cd ~ </b></font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Times">{ change to home directory }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[/dev/gno]% <b>cd ~/src</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[/dev/gno/src]% <b>cp ~/file1
|
|
file2 </b></font><font size="2" face="Times">{ copy
|
|
/dev/gno/file1 to /dev/gno/src/file2 }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[/dev/gno/src]% <b>echo ~/..</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">/dev/gno/..</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[/dev/gno/src]% <b>cd ~/..</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[/dev]% <b>mkdir ~/utilities </b></font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Times">{ create directory /dev/gno/utilities }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[/dev]% <b>mkdir ./libraries</b></font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Times"> { create directory /dev/libraries }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[/dev]% <b>cd ~</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[/dev/gno]% <b>cp src/file1</b> <b>.</b>
|
|
</font><font size="2" face="Times">{ copy /dev/gno/src/file1 to
|
|
/dev/gno/file1 }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Many utilities supplied with <b>gsh</b>
|
|
take, as an argument, a filename or filenames. The shell
|
|
utilities <b>cat</b>, <b>ls</b>, <b>grep</b>, and <b>cp</b> can
|
|
take multiple filenames as arguments. If you wish to invoke any
|
|
of these utilities on filenames that have a sequence of
|
|
characters in common (ie. </font><font size="2" face="Courier">AND</font><font
|
|
face="Times">, </font><font size="2" face="Courier">APPLE</font><font
|
|
face="Times">, </font><font size="2" face="Courier">SHK</font><font
|
|
face="Times">, </font><font size="2" face="Courier">TXT</font><font
|
|
face="Times">, </font><font size="2" face="Courier">FILE2</font><font
|
|
face="Times">, </font><font size="2" face="Courier">FILE3</font><font
|
|
face="Times">, etc.), <b>gsh</b> provides special characters,
|
|
called regular expressions or wildcards, which match multiple
|
|
filenames without having to enter all filename arguments
|
|
manually.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>*</b></font><font
|
|
face="Times"> Matches any string of characters.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>?</b></font><font
|
|
face="Times"> Matches a single character.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>[</b>abc<b>]</b></font><font
|
|
face="Times"> Matches any of the characters enclosed in brackets.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>[^</b>abc<b>]</b></font><font
|
|
face="Times"> Matches any of the characters not enclosed in
|
|
brackets.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>[</b>a<b>-</b>c<b>]</b></font><font
|
|
face="Times"> Matches the ascending sequence of characters
|
|
enclosed in brackets.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">This method of matching filenames is known
|
|
as <b>globbing</b>. <b>gsh</b> performs globbing on the word
|
|
prior to executing the command. The following <b>gsh</b> session
|
|
illustrates file globbing:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1]% <b>cd /dev/gno/utilities</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2]% <b>ls</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">:dev:gno:utilities</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">CONV Crunch CrunchIIGS DeRez
|
|
DiskCheck</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">DumpObj Duplicate EMACS Equal
|
|
Express</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Files LinkIIGS MakeBin
|
|
MakeDirect OrcaDumpIIGS</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Prizm ResEqual Search canon
|
|
choose</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">clrff cmdfix coff compact count</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">detab dir dirff dumpfile eject</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">emacs.doc emacs.hlp emacs.rc
|
|
emacs.tut help</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">init join link macgen makelib</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">mem online pageeject pause pwd</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">src </font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3]% <b>ls e*</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">:dev:gno:utilities</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">EMACS Equal Express eject
|
|
emacs.doc </font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">emacs.hlp emacs.rc emacs.tut</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[4]% <b>echo *r *m</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">dir Prizm mem</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[5]% <b>echo *i*</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">cmdfix CrunchIIGS Prizm
|
|
DiskCheck Duplicate Files init join LinkIIGS makelib</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">MakeBin MakeDirect link dirff
|
|
dumpfile online OrcaDumpIIGS dir</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[6]% <b>echo NoMatch*</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">No match.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[7]% <b>echo [a-f]*</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">coff canon cmdfix compact Crunch
|
|
CrunchIIGS DeRez DiskCheck DumpObj Duplicate</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">EMACS emacs.doc emacs.hlp
|
|
emacs.rc emacs.tut Equal Express Files choose clrff</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">count detab CONV dirff dumpfile
|
|
eject dir</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[8]% <b>echo [a-fs-t]*</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">coff canon cmdfix compact Crunch
|
|
CrunchIIGS DeRez DiskCheck DumpObj Duplicate</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">EMACS emacs.doc emacs.hlp
|
|
emacs.rc emacs.tut Equal Express Files choose clrff</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">count detab Search src CONV
|
|
dirff dumpfile eject dir</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[9]% <b>echo emacs?*</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">EMACS emacs.doc emacs.hlp
|
|
emacs.rc emacs.tut</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[10]% <b>echo [^a-f]*</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Prizm help init join LinkIIGS
|
|
makelib MakeBin MakeDirect link mem ResEqual</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Search src online pageeject
|
|
pause OrcaDumpIIGS pwd macgen</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[11]% <b>echo [^a-fs-t]*</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Prizm help init join LinkIIGS
|
|
makelib MakeBin MakeDirect link mem ResEqual</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">online pageeject pause
|
|
OrcaDumpIIGS pwd macgen</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[12]% <b>echo ???</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">mem src pwd dir</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[13]% <b>echo ?</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">No match.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[14]% <b>echo "???"</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">???</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[15]% <b>do you have a light?</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">No match.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">As can be seen by the above example,
|
|
character matches are case insensitive. The ProDOS file system
|
|
treats the filenames "</font><font size="2" face="Courier">file</font><font
|
|
face="Times">" and "</font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">FILE</font><font face="Times">" as the same
|
|
file. <b>gsh</b> recognizes this and does not detract from the
|
|
underlying file system.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">File globbing makes passing arguments to
|
|
commands much easier and much more powerful. You could easily use
|
|
"</font><font size="2" face="Courier">*.c</font><font
|
|
face="Times">" as an argument in a number of ways:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1]% <b>ls *.C</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>... </b></font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Times">{ lists all filenames ending in ".C" }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2]% <b>cc *.C</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>... </b></font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Times">{ compiles all files ending in ".C" }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3]% <b>more *.C</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>... </b></font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Times">{ displays contents of all files ending in
|
|
".C" }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Quoting Special Characters</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Beginning with Apple II</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Times">GS</font><font face="Times"> System
|
|
Software 6.0, GS/OS is able to read files from Macintosh
|
|
computers. The Macintosh uses a filesystem known as HFS, which
|
|
allows filenames to contain any character except the colon
|
|
("</font><font size="2" face="Courier">:</font><font
|
|
face="Times">"). Because a filename such as
|
|
"emacs?*" is valid under HFS, care must be taken or
|
|
unexpected results will occur. The word "emacs?*" was
|
|
used as a regular expression above to specify a list of filenames
|
|
beginning with the word "emacs" and one or more
|
|
trailing characters. <b>gsh</b> does provide a way to pass an
|
|
argument which contains special shell characters to a command.
|
|
This is known as quoting an argument. There are three different
|
|
ways to quote an expression:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The single quote will quote everything
|
|
between the single quote marks. Thus, to display the contents of
|
|
a file on an HFS volume named "emacs?*":</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>more 'emacs?*'</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The double quote will quote everything
|
|
between the double quote marks except variables. See Chapter 5
|
|
for more on variables.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>echo "emacs?*
|
|
$home"</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">emacs?* /dev/gno</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The backslash is used to quote one
|
|
character. To pass "</font><font size="2" face="Courier">emacs?*</font><font
|
|
face="Times">" as a regular expression using the backslash,
|
|
enter the following:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>ls emacs\?\*</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">One additional purpose of the quoting
|
|
mechanism built into <b>gsh</b> is to add spaces to command
|
|
arguments. Each command and its arguments is separated by a
|
|
space. Multiple spaces between arguments are treated as one
|
|
space. Thus, consider the following:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>echo a b c</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">a b c</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>echo 'a b c'</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">a b c</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>How gsh Finds a Command</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>gsh</b> has a special variable, </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">PATH</font><font face="Times">, which
|
|
specifies the directories and order of directories to search for
|
|
shell utilities. This variable is often setup in the <i>gshrc</i>
|
|
file although it can be changed as often as needed. The purpose
|
|
of the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">PATH</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> variable was discussed in Chapter 1 <b>Customizing
|
|
the Shell Environment</b>.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">When <b>gsh</b> starts up, it searches all
|
|
directories specified in the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">PATH</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> variable and establishes a table of all commands,
|
|
called a hash table. Because of this table, <b>gsh</b>
|
|
"knows" where a command is and can execute the command
|
|
much faster than searching through all directories every time the
|
|
command is entered.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The search process begins with alias names.
|
|
See Chapter 3 <b>Using aliases as shorthand</b>. If an alias is
|
|
found that matches the command, the alias is replaced with its
|
|
value and the command-line is again parsed. If it was not an
|
|
alias, <b>gsh</b> checks to see if it was a special built-in
|
|
utility. The search process then searches for the name in the
|
|
hash table. If an entry is found in the hash table, the path name
|
|
of the command is retrieved and the command is executed. If an
|
|
entry is not found, the current path is searched. If the command
|
|
name is not found, an error results.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">When the </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">PATH</font><font face="Times"> variable is
|
|
changed, <b>gsh</b> does not automatically recreate the command
|
|
hash table. You need to issue the command </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier"><b>rehash</b></font><font face="Times"> to
|
|
recreate the hash table. The more pathnames specified, the
|
|
greater the delay in starting <b>gsh</b> and in invoking the </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">rehash</font><font face="Times"> command.
|
|
The following shell script changes </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">PATH</font><font face="Times"> and invokes the
|
|
rehash command in one step.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">echo Resetting PATH variable
|
|
$PATH to $1</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">set path=$1</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">rehash</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The </font><font size="2" face="Courier">$1</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> variable will be expanded with the first argument
|
|
passed to the script. </font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">rehash</font><font face="Times">
|
|
should also be used if a new utility is copied to one of the
|
|
directories specified in the PATH variable. Of course, it is
|
|
possible to specify the absolute pathname of any command, but
|
|
this is undesirable if the command is frequently used.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b></b></font> </p>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|