997 lines
39 KiB
HTML
997 lines
39 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 2.0">
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<title>GNO Shell User's Manual</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Chapter 4</font></p>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Built-in Commands</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Built-ins vs EXE Commands</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">The term "built-ins" is used to
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describe commands that exist within the shell itself. These
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utilities run faster than external commands because the code is
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already loaded into memory. Files of type "EXE", on the
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other hand, must be loaded into memory by <b>gsh</b> and
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executed. If an EXE command is executed again, it might, again,
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have to be loaded into memory. This results in longer execution
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time for the program.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>gsh</b> has a number of built-in
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commands which allow you to work with the shell, the GNO kernel,
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and the shell environment.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">The following section describes the
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commands that are built-in to <b>gsh</b>. The "[..]"
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character sequence represents an optional argument to a command.
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The term "</font><font size="2" face="Courier">SIGNAL</font><font
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face="Times">" is used to represent one of the signal names
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or numbers listed in Appendix D <b>Signals</b>. The sequence
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"..." means the command accepts multiple arguments of
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the same type as the argument before the "..."
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sequence. The sequence "{..}" is used to represent a
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set, which is a list of possible arguments to choose from.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Shell Commands</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">Shell built-ins provide support for
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external shell commands (i.e. EXE files and shell scripts) and
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provide some commands used in every-day work.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>bindkey [-l] function string</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Bindkey is used to customize the shell's
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command-line editor. Any key on the keyboard can be mapped to any
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of a number of functions. The various functions are as follows:</font></p>
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<dir>
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<li><font size="2" face="Courier">backward-char</font><font
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face="Times"> move cursor left</font><p><font size="2"
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face="Courier">backward-delete-char</font><font
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face="Times"> delete character to left</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">backward-word</font><font
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face="Times"> move cursor left one word</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">beginning-of-line</font><font
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face="Times"> move cursor to beginning of line</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">clear-screen</font><font
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face="Times"> clear screen and redraw prompt</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">complete-word</font><font
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face="Times"> perform filename completion</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">delete-char</font><font
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face="Times"> delete character under cursor</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">down-history</font><font
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face="Times"> replace command line with next history</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">end-of-line</font><font
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face="Times"> move cursor to end of line</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">forward-char</font><font
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face="Times"> move cursor to the right</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">forward-word</font><font
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face="Times"> move cursor one word to the right</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">kill-end-of-line</font><font
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face="Times"> delete line from cursor to end of line</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">kill-whole-line</font><font
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face="Times"> delete the entire command line</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">list-choices</font><font
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face="Times"> list file completion matches</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">newline</font><font
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face="Times"> finished editing, accept command line</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">raw-char</font><font
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face="Times"> character as-is</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">redisplay</font><font
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face="Times"> redisplay the command line</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">toggle-cursor</font><font
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face="Times"> toggle between insert and overwrite cursor</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">undefined-char</font><font
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face="Times"> this key does nothing</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">up-history</font><font
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face="Times"> replace command line with previous history</font></p>
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</li>
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</dir>
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<p><font face="Times">Keys are bound to functions, not
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vice-versa. This means that you can have any number of commands
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refer to the same function. For example, the default bindings
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have </font><font size="2" face="Courier">CTRL-A</font><font
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face="Times"> and </font><font size="2" face="Courier">OA-<</font><font
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face="Times"> both bound to </font><font size="2" face="Courier">beginning-of-line</font><font
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face="Times">.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">Most of the function names are
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self-explanatory, and are explained in Chapter 2, but a few
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deserve discussion. </font><font size="2" face="Courier">raw-char</font><font
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face="Times"> is what you should bind a key that should be
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inserted into the command-line as-is. The regular printable ASCII
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set, such as the letters a-z, numbers, etc. are bound to </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">raw-char</font><font face="Times">.
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Control characters should not be bound to </font><font size="2"
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face="Courier">raw-char</font><font face="Times"> because the
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command-line editor will become confused (most control characters
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act as special GNO/ME console feature codes - see the <i>GNO
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Kernel Reference Manual</i>, Chapter 4 <b>TextTools Replacement</b>).</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">Any keystroke that should be rejected by
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the editor should be bound to </font><font size="2"
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face="Courier">undefined-char</font><font face="Times">. By
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default, this includes control characters and OA-sequences that
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are not assigned to any editing features. Any key bound to </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">undefined-char</font><font face="Times">
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will cause <b>gsh</b> to beep and ignore the key.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">You can actually bind key sequences, not
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just keystrokes, to functions. There is no limit other than
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memory to how many characters are in a command sequence.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">Because terminals do not have the OA (Open
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Apple) key, ; is actually mapped by the kernel to a two-character
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sequence consisting of </font><font size="2" face="Courier">ESC</font><font
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face="Times"> and the key. For example, OA-Y would actually
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produce </font><font size="2" face="Courier">ESC-Y</font><font
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face="Times">.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">Control characters in the </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier"><b>string</b></font><font face="Times">
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are represented in ^X format; e.g. CTRL-A is represented by ^A.
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ESC (and OA) is represented by ^[.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">Examples:</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>bindkey kill-end-of-line ^K</b></font><font
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face="Times"> map CTRL-K to kill-end-of-line (like Emacs)</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">% <b>bindkey clear-screen ^[^X</b></font><font
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face="Times"> map OA-CLEAR to clear-screen</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>commands</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Displays a list of all built-in shell
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commands.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>cd [pathname]</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>chdir [pathname]</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Changes the current working directory to
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pathname. If </font><font size="2" face="Courier">pathname</font><font
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face="Times"> is not given, the default </font><font size="2"
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face="Courier">HOME</font><font face="Times"> directory (i.e. the
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value of the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">HOME</font><font
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face="Times"> environment variable) is used. This makes it easy
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to move back to your home directory. Under <b>gsh</b>, unlike
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most U</font><font size="2" face="Times">NIX</font><font
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face="Times"> shells, the cd is not necessary, except to change
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automatically to your HOME directory. If a command is not a
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built-in or EXE file, but is instead the name of a directory, a
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cd is implied and performed on the directory unless the </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">NODIREXEC</font><font face="Times">
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variable has been set.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] gno> <b>cd utilities</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2] gno/utilities> <b>echo
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$HOME</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">/dev/gno</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3] gno/utilities> <b>cd</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[4] gno> <b>utilities</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[5] gno/utilities> <b>../utilities</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[6] gno/utilities> <b>~</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[7] gno> _</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>clear</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">This command takes no arguments. When
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invoked, the screen will be cleared.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>df</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">This command takes no arguments. When
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invoked, a listing of free blocks for every block device is
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given. In addition, the device name, type, file system, and
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capacity is listed.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] gno> <b>df</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d## Volume Device Free Total
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Capacity System</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">---- ----------------
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---------------- ------- ------- -------- -----------</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d1 :Procyon .CVTECH.S6.A 3166
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41037 92% ProDOS</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d2 Apple 3.5 Drive
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.APPLEDISK3.5A </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d3 Apple 3.5 Drive
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.APPLEDISK3.5B </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d4 Console Driver .CONSOLE </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d5 :Day .CVTECH.S6.B 15881
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65535 75% ProDOS</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d6 :Night .CVTECH.S6.C 39274
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65535 40% HFS</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d7 :Left .CVTECH.S6.D 5365
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51776 89% ProDOS</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d8 :Right .CVTECH.S6.E 27477
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65535 58% ProDOS</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d9 :Software .CVTECH.S6.F 3289
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40960 91% ProDOS</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d10 :RAM5 .RAMDISK 505 512 1%
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ProDOS</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d11 :Conner 40 .AFP1 7368 80604
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90% AppleShare</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d12 AppleTalk fsd .AFP2 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">....</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d24 AppleTalk fsd .AFP14 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d25 AppleTalk RPM .RPM </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d26 AppleTalk Main .APPLETALK </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d27 Serial Modem .SERIAL2 </font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d28 :system .APPLESCSI.HD01.
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27561 50773 45% ProDOS</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d29 :dev .APPLESCSI.HD01. 43431
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65108 33% ProDOS</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">.d30 :usr .APPLESCSI.HD01. 44376
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48725 8% ProDOS</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Volume</font><font face="Times">
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- Name of device.</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Device</font><font face="Times">
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- GS/OS device name.</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Free</font><font face="Times"> -
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Total number of free blocks on device.</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Total</font><font face="Times">
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- Total number of blocks on device.</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Capacity</font><font
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face="Times"> - Percentage of used blocks on device.</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">System</font><font face="Times">
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- Format of file system. With System Software 6.0.1, the file
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systems available are ProDOS, HFS, Pascal, MS-DOS, and DOS 3.3,
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and some CD-ROM formats.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>echo [-n] arg [arg ...]</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Expands the "</font><font size="2"
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face="Courier">arg</font><font face="Times">" expression(s)
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and outputs them to the screen. If the "</font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">-n</font><font face="Times">" switch
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is specified, a </font><font size="2" face="Courier">NEWLINE</font><font
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face="Times"> character is not output after the last "</font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">arg</font><font face="Times">"
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expression. Special escape sequences may also be included in the
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arguments, similar to those used in C strings:</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">\b</font><font face="Times"> -
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Backspace</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">\f</font><font face="Times"> -
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Clears screen (form feed)</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">\n</font><font face="Times"> -
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Newline</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">\r</font><font face="Times"> -
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Return</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">\t</font><font face="Times"> -
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Tab</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">\nnn</font><font face="Times"> -
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A decimal ASCII code. nnn represents the ASCII code.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] gno> <b>echo Hello World</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Hello World</font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2] gno> <b>echo -n Hello
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World</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">Hello World[3] gno> <b>echo
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$PATH $HOME 'come get to $gnome'</b></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">/dev/gno/utilities
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/dev/orca/utilities /dev/gno come get to $gnome</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>exit</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Exits the shell or terminates a shell
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script.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>history</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">This command displays the list of previous
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command-line entries. The number of entries saved is set in the </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">$HISTORY</font><font face="Times">
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variable.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>pushd</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>popd [+n]</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>dirs</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font face="Times">These three commands maintain the shell's <i>directory
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stack.</i> Let's say you're working in a directory
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/src/myprogs/class/program.1/, and you want to temporarily go to
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another directory. Instead of having to 'cd' there and 'cd' back
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to a very long directory name (i.e., lots of typing), you can use
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the pushd command, like so:</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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<p><font size="2" face="Courier">gsh> <b>pushd /etc</b> </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Times">{ start in /src/myprogs/class/program.1/ }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">...</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">gsh> <b>popd</b> </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Times">{ back in /src/myprogs/class/program.1/ }</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The </font><font size="2" face="Courier">pushd</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> command stores the current directory on a stack,
|
|
and then changes the current directory to the argument. When you
|
|
want to go back to the original directory, type popd. The shell
|
|
will pull the last directory off the stack and 'cd' to that
|
|
directory.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The </font><font size="2" face="Courier">popd
|
|
</font><font face="Times">command when given an argument of +n
|
|
will remove the n'th directory from the stack. It does not change
|
|
to that directory.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The </font><font size="2" face="Courier">dirs
|
|
</font><font face="Times">command displays the current directory
|
|
stack.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>pwd</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Displays the current working directory.
|
|
This is useful if you have not configured the </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">$PROMPT</font><font face="Times"> string
|
|
to output your current working directory.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1]> <b>cd $HOME</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2]> <b>pwd</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">/user/root</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3]> <b>cd utilities</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[4]> <b>pwd</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">/user/root/utilities</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>source</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">When a script is executed, <b>gsh</b>
|
|
creates a new process to run the script. As a result, scripts
|
|
cannot change the shell's prefixes and certain other parameters.
|
|
Instead of executing the script directly, you may use the </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">source</font><font face="Times"> command
|
|
which does not create a new process to execute the script. Thus,
|
|
the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">source</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> command is effectively exactly like typing all the
|
|
commands in the script from the keyboard.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>tset</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The </font><font size="2" face="Courier">tset</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> command causes the shell to reread the </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">/etc/termcap</font><font face="Times">
|
|
file and reset its output system to use the terminal type
|
|
specified in the $TERM variable. On startup, after reading the </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">gshrc</font><font face="Times"> file, <b>gsh</b>
|
|
automatically does a </font><font size="2" face="Courier">tset</font><font
|
|
face="Times">. <b>gsh</b> also automatically does a tset whenever
|
|
the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">$TERM</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> variable is changed with the </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">set</font><font face="Times"> command. You would
|
|
use tset manually if, for example, a utility changed the value of
|
|
</font><font size="2" face="Courier">$TERM</font><font
|
|
face="Times">.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>which command_name
|
|
[command_name ...]</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Let's say that you are working on a new
|
|
version of the venerable shell utility </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">ls</font><font face="Times">. Since a search of
|
|
the hash table is done before searching the current directory,
|
|
you might accidentally be using the wrong version of the command.
|
|
You make changes and run the new program, but your changes don't
|
|
seem to appear! Use the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">which</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> command to check your sanity. Which also comes in
|
|
handy in locating duplicate program names in the </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">$PATH</font><font face="Times">
|
|
directories (for example, an </font><font size="2" face="Courier">ls</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> in both </font><font size="2" face="Courier">/bin</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> and </font><font size="2" face="Courier">/usr/bin</font><font
|
|
face="Times">.)</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The way to access a utility in the current
|
|
directory which has the same name as a program in the </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">$PATH</font><font face="Times"> is to
|
|
prefix the command name with '</font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">.</font><font face="Times">', as in "</font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">./ls</font><font face="Times">".
|
|
Also, see </font><font size="2" face="Courier">unhash</font><font
|
|
face="Times">.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b></b></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Kernel Commands</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>gsh</b> provides a set of commands to
|
|
control the GNO kernel. These commands mainly deal with job
|
|
control. See Chapter 3 <b>Job Control</b>.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>bg { %job | pid }</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Starts the specified job, if stopped, and
|
|
places it in the background.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>fg { %job | pid }</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Starts the specified job, if stopped, and
|
|
brings it into the foreground.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>jobs [-l]</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Displays a list of the shell's jobs. If the
|
|
"</font><font size="2" face="Courier">-l</font><font
|
|
face="Times">" switch is specified, the process id is
|
|
included in the job list.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] gno> <b>cmpl foo.c
|
|
keep=foo &</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Running cmpl foo.c
|
|
keep=foo &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2] gno> <b>echo hello</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">hello</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3] gno> <b>jobs</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Running cmpl foo.c
|
|
keep=foo &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>kill {[-SIGNAL] %job | pid |
|
|
[-l]</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The kill command will send the signal </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">SIGNAL</font><font face="Times"> to the
|
|
process number pid. The ps command documented below describes how
|
|
to list all process ID's currently executing.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">SIGNAL</font><font face="Times">
|
|
can be either a numeric value or string representing the signal
|
|
to be sent to the process. All signals are documented in Appendix
|
|
D <b>Signals</b>, with numeric and string value listed.
|
|
Alternatively, specifying the </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">-l</font><font face="Times"> option will list all
|
|
the signals and their names.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">If the process number isn't known, but the
|
|
job number is, replace the pid with a '%' followed by the job
|
|
number.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b></b></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b></b></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>ps</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">This command takes no arguments. When
|
|
invoked, a list of all currently running processes is displayed.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[2] 9:52pm root> <b>ls -lR
|
|
:hard:gno > /ram5/dev &</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + 35 Running ls -lR
|
|
:hard:gno &</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[3] 9:53pm root> <b>ps</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ID STATE TT MMID UID TIME
|
|
COMMAND</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">1 ready co 1002 0000 0:26
|
|
NullProcess</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">2 ready co 1005 0000 0:02 gsh</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">35 ready co 100A 0000 0:01 ls
|
|
-lR :hard:gno</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">36 running co 1007 0000 0:00 ps</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[4] 9:53pm root> </font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[1] + Done ls -lR :hard:gno</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ID</font><font face="Times"> - A
|
|
unique process ID assigned to a command by GNO. Use this number
|
|
to reference any process.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">STATE</font><font face="Times">
|
|
- Current state of the process. Each process can be in any of the
|
|
following states: </font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<dir>
|
|
<li><font face="Courier">RUNNING</font><font face="Times">
|
|
the process is currently in execution.</font><p><font
|
|
face="Courier">READY</font><font face="Times"> the
|
|
process is not currently executing, but is ready to be
|
|
executed as soon as it is assigned a time slice.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Courier">BLOCKED</font><font face="Times">
|
|
the process is waiting for a slow I/O operation to
|
|
complete (for instance, a read from a TTY).</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Courier">NEW</font><font face="Times"> the
|
|
process has been created, but has not executed yet.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Courier">SUSPENDED</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> the process was stopped with
|
|
SIGSTOP,SIGTSTP,SIGTTIN, or SIGTTOU.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Courier">WAITING</font><font face="Times">
|
|
the process is waiting on a semaphore 'signal' operation.
|
|
Programs waiting for data from a pipe have this state.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Courier">WAITSIGCH</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> the process is waiting to receive a SIGCHLD
|
|
signal.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Courier">PAUSED</font><font face="Times">
|
|
the process is waiting for any signal.</font></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</dir>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">TTY</font><font face="Times"> -
|
|
Terminal connected to process.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">MMID - Memory Manager ID assigned to
|
|
process.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">UID - ID of the user who initiated the
|
|
process.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">TIME</font><font face="Times"> -
|
|
How much CPU time this process has used. This is not the elapsed
|
|
time of the process.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">COMMAND</font><font face="Times">
|
|
- Command-line string used to invoke process.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>setdebug { val | {+|-}flag }</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Turns GNO kernel debugging code on or off.
|
|
The value passed consists of a bit field, where each bit
|
|
specifies a different type of debugging code to activate. An
|
|
alternate method is to provide a list of debug flags, either
|
|
preceded by a '+' or a '-'. Those preceded by a '+' are
|
|
activated, and those preceeded with a '-' are deactivated. All
|
|
debugging is deactivated by passing a value of 0. Running
|
|
setdebug wtth no arguments returns a list of the debugging flags.
|
|
Legal flags include:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">gsostrace</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> - Trace GS/OS calls</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">gsosblocks</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> - Trace GS/OS parameter blocks</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">gsoserrors</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> - Trace GS/OS errors</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">pathtrace</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> - Trace GS/OS pathnames</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">sigtrace</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> - Trace signals</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">systrace</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> - Trace system calls</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>stop { %job | pid }</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Stops the execution of all processes in a
|
|
specified job.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Environment Commands</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The last set of commands, environment
|
|
commands, modify the <b>gsh</b> environment. Many of these
|
|
commands have been used in other parts of this manual and,
|
|
therefore, should not be new.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>alias [name] [value]</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Creates an alias for a string. When this
|
|
alias is referenced as a command, </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">value</font><font face="Times"> will be expanded
|
|
into the command line. For commands that require many arguments
|
|
or have several steps, you could set up an alias to save typing.
|
|
You can also use aliases to create new names for commands. To
|
|
obtain a list of all aliases, invoke </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">alias</font><font face="Times"> with no arguments.
|
|
To list the value of an alias, invoke </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">alias</font><font face="Times"> with name only.
|
|
Here are some alias examples:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><u>Alias</u> <u>Command Name</u></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">ll or list_long ls -l</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">backup_sys cp -r /system
|
|
/BackupDrive&</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">backup_home cp -r $HOME
|
|
/BackupDrive&</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">print echo</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">catalog ls -l</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">delete rm</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">copy cp</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">type more</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">rename mv</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>export </b>;<b>[variable ...]</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">When a shell environment variable is marked
|
|
as exportable, any process that is created from within the
|
|
current process (most likely <b>gsh</b>), will be passed copies
|
|
of the exported variables. See </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier"><b>setenv</b></font><font face="Times"> and
|
|
Chapter 5 <b>Scope of shell variables.</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>hash</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Displays a list of all commands currently
|
|
in the shell's hash table; i.e., a list of commands in the
|
|
various $PATH directories.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>prefix [prefixnum
|
|
[prefixname]]</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">GNO maintains a list of 32 'prefixes' for
|
|
each process. Prefixes allow the user to reference a directory
|
|
with a number. While <b>gsh</b> provides this ability with
|
|
environment variables, the prefix command exists to support the
|
|
ORCA compilers and other utilities that are dependent on certain
|
|
GS/OS prefixes. Appendix B contains a list of these prefixes and
|
|
their "default" meanings, as documented in the "<i>Apple
|
|
IIGS GS/OS Reference</i>", Volume 1.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">If </font><font size="2" face="Courier">prefixname</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> is not given, the value of </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">prefixnum</font><font face="Times"> is displayed.
|
|
If neither argument is given, a list of currently assigned
|
|
prefixes is displayed.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>rehash</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">To decrease the time spent searching for a
|
|
command, <b>gsh</b> builds a table of all commands which were
|
|
found in the pathnames set in the </font><font size="2"
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|
face="Courier">$PATH</font><font face="Times"> variable. When a
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|
command is invoked, only this list is searched. When the </font><font
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|
size="2" face="Courier">$PATH</font><font face="Times"> variable
|
|
is changed, <b>gsh</b> must rebuild this list. The </font><font
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|
size="2" face="Courier"><b>rehash</b></font><font face="Times">
|
|
command tells <b>gsh</b> to rebuild the list.</font></p>
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|
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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|
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<p><font face="Times">While the old list is still active, if </font><font
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|
size="2" face="Courier">$PATH</font><font face="Times"> is
|
|
changed and one of the previous search paths is no longer online,
|
|
<b>gsh</b> will try and execute the command from the offline
|
|
device, resulting in a command failure.</font></p>
|
|
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<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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|
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<p><font face="Times">To make this a one-step process, the </font><font
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|
size="2" face="Courier">change.path</font><font face="Times">
|
|
shell script listed in Chapter 5, <b>Accessing shell variables</b>
|
|
can be used.</font></p>
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|
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|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
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|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>set [var] [value] [{var
|
|
value} ...]</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>set var=value [var=value ...]</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>setenv [var value]... </b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Use these command to create or modify
|
|
environment variables. If </font><font size="2" face="Courier">set</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> is invoked with no arguments, a list of the current
|
|
environment variables is displayed. If only </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">var</font><font face="Times"> is given as an
|
|
argument, the value of </font><font size="2" face="Courier">var</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> is displayed. To set or reset a variable, use both
|
|
the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">var</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> and </font><font size="2" face="Courier">value</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> arguments. There are two ways to set a variable,
|
|
either by "</font><font size="2" face="Courier">var value</font><font
|
|
face="Times">" or "</font><font size="2" face="Courier">var=value</font><font
|
|
face="Times">". To set multiple variables at once, simply
|
|
list them all on the command line as shown above.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">setenv</font><font face="Times">
|
|
works just like </font><font size="2" face="Courier">set</font><font
|
|
face="Times">, but automatically exports the variable(s) or lists
|
|
only exported variables.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">When using </font><font size="2"
|
|
face="Courier">set</font><font face="Times"> or </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">setenv</font><font face="Times"> to view
|
|
a list of variables, exported variables appear in ALL CAPS.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>unalias name [name ...]</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">To remove an alias from the alias list, use
|
|
this command. To remove multiple aliases with one command,
|
|
specify all the aliases on the command line.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>unhash</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">To disable the internal hash table created
|
|
with the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">rehash</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> command, use this command. This is useful if you
|
|
wish to use only utilities in the current working directory
|
|
(during testing, for example).</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"><b>unset </b>;<b>var [var...]</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">To remove a variable from the environment,
|
|
use </font><font size="2" face="Courier">unset</font><font
|
|
face="Times">. </font><font size="2" face="Courier">unset</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> accepts multiple names if more than one variable is
|
|
to be deleted. Future attempts to access the variable </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">var</font><font face="Times"> will result
|
|
in an error or a NULL string, depending on the circumstances.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier"></font> </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[8] 9:57pm root> <b>set</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">PAGER = less</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">PATH = :hard:gno:bin
|
|
:right:gno:usr:bin</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">user1 = foo</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">USRMAN = /usr/man</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">HISTORY = 30</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">status = 227</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">fignore = .a .root .sym</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">TERM = gnocon</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">LESS = -e</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">PROMPT = [%h] %S%t%s %C> </font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">HOME = :hard:gno:user:root</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">user = user1</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">nonewline = 1</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[9] 9:57pm root> <b>unset
|
|
user1</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[10] 9:57pm root> <b>unset
|
|
user</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">[11] 9:57pm root> <b>set</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">PAGER = less</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">PATH = :hard:gno:bin
|
|
:right:gno:usr:bin</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">USRMAN = /usr/man</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">HISTORY = 30</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">status = 0</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">fignore = .a .root .sym</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">TERM = gnocon</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">LESS = -e</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">PROMPT = [%h] %S%t%s %C> </font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">HOME = :hard:gno:user:root</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Courier">nonewline = 1</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p> </p>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|