845 lines
36 KiB
HTML
845 lines
36 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 2.0">
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<title>GNO/ME Version 2</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
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<p><font size="7" face="Times">GNO/ME Version 2.0</font></p>
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<p><font size="5" face="Times">By Jawaid Bazyar and Tim Meekins</font></p>
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<hr>
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<p><font face="Times">The GNO Multitasking Environment is
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Copyright 1991-1996 by Procyon Enterprises Incorporated</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Documentation, second edition, August 1996.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The ORCA/C run-time libraries are Copyright
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1987-1993 Byte Works, Inc. and distributed with permission.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">This product includes software developed by
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the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME 2.0 also includes several utilities
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and libraries produced by outside authors and in the public
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domain. This software is included solely as a convenience to
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users of GNO/ME, and is not considered part of GNO/ME for
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copyright purposes.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">GNO and GNO/ME are trademarks of Procyon
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Enterprises Incorporated.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Apple IIGS, APW, Finder, GS/OS, ProDOS,
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Macintosh, and HFS are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
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Inc.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">AppleWorks GS is a trademark of Claris
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Corp.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T
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Bell Laboratories.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Important Notice</b>: This is a fully
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copyrighted work and as such is protected under the copyright
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laws of the United States of America. According to these laws,
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consumers of copywritten material may make copies for their
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personal use only. Duplication for any other purpose whatsoever
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would constitute infringement of copyright laws and the offender
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would be liable to civil damages of up to $50,000 in addition to
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actual damages, plus criminal penalties of up to one year
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imprisonment and/or a $10,000 fine.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Procyon Enterprises Inc. MAKES NO
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WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, REGARDING THE ENCLOSED
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COMPUTER SOFTWARE PACKAGE, ITS MERCHANTABILITY OR ITS FITNESS FOR
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ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES IS
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NOT PERMITTED IN SOME STATES. THE ABOVE EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY
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TO YOU. THIS WARRANTY PROVIDES YOU WITH SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS.
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THERE MAY BE OTHER RIGHTS THAT YOU MAY HAVE WHICH VARY FROM STATE
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TO STATE.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">This product is sold for use on a <i>single
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computer</i> at a <i>single location</i>. For information on
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obtaining a site license for using multiple copies, contact the
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publisher.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Procyon Enterprises, Inc.<br>
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P.O. Box 641<br>
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Englewood, CO 80151-0641 USA<br>
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(303) 781-3273</font></p>
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<hr>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Credits</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">"Always listen to experts. They'll
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tell you what can't be done, and why. Then do it."<br>
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Lazarus Long</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The <b>GNO</b> <b>M</b>ultitasking <b>E</b>nvironment
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for the Apple IIgs </font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Copyright 1991-1993, Procyon Enterprises
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Inc. and Tim Meekins</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Please direct all inquiries to:</font></p>
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<dir>
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<li><font face="Times"><b>Procyon, Inc.<br>
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PO Box 641<br>
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Englewood, CO 80151-0641 USA<br>
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(303) 781-3273</b></font></li>
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</dir>
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<p><font face="Times">For on-line technical assistance, contact:</font></p>
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<ul>
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<li><font face="Times">America OnLine : </font><font
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face="Courier">GNOJawaid, GNOTim2</font></li>
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<li><font face="Times">GEnie : </font><font face="Courier">Procyon.Inc</font></li>
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<li><font face="Times">Internet : </font><font face="Courier">bazyar@hypermall.com</font></li>
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<li><font face="Times">Delphi : </font><font face="Courier">JAWAIDB</font></li>
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</ul>
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<p><font face="Times">Written by:</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Jawaid Bazyar</b> Kernel &
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Documentation<br>
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<b>Tim Meekins</b> Shell & Documentation<br>
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<b>Albert Chin</b> Documentation<br>
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<b>Andrew Roughan </b>Documentation<b><br>
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Derek Taubert</b> Kernel support and utilities<br>
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<b>Greg Thompson, Philip Vandry</b>, <b>James Brookes</b>, <b>Ian
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Schmidt</b> Utilities</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">With many thanks to:</font></p>
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<dir>
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<li><font face="Times">Bill Gulstad, Rob Knauerhase, and
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everyone on the GNOBETA Internet mailing list</font><p><font
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face="Times">Dave Lyons, for tolerating my endless
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questions since the beginning of time, for getting me
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started in IIgs programming, and for calling GNO 'cool'.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Mike Westerfield, for your
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technical assistance and all your work in making great
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development tools for the IIgs.</font></p>
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</li>
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</dir>
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<p><font face="Times">Special thanks to:</font></p>
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<dir>
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<li><font face="Times">Matt Deatherage, for egging me on to
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complete the project; also, for your most helpful
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technical support through DEVSUPPORT- you guys made this
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thing possible!</font><p><font face="Times">Randy Hyde,
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for telling me it couldn't be done.</font></p>
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</li>
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</dir>
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<hr>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Miscellaneous</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Reporting Bugs</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">In any large piece of computer software
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such as the GNO/ME system, bugs are sure to turn up, no matter
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how much testing is performed on the software before it goes out
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the door. If you discover a bug in GNO/ME, we'd like to hear
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about it. There are several things we require, however, to make
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bug reports useful to us.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">First of all, we need a complete
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description of your computer system; how much RAM, what cards, in
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what slots, what type of disk storage, etc. This information is
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very important in tracking down hardware-dependent bugs. Also, we
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need to know the version numbers of the software involved; the
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GNO Kernel, the GNO Shell, and any utilities.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Second, we need a step-by-step description
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of how to duplicate the bug. If this requires writing down
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individual keystrokes, then we need it. Only in this way can we
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decide whether the bug is hardware dependent or global.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">You can send bug reports to any of the
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electronic mail addresses listed on the 'Credits' page, or by
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mailing a disk containing a description of the problem and the
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necessary software and files to the Procyon address.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>User Projects</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">If you're working on a project which
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utilizes GNO/ME in some way, we'd like to know about it. Just
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contact us by mail, phone, or whatever is most convenient for
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you, and tell us about your project. If possible, we'll
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coordinate your efforts with those of other programmers. If we
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really like your project and think it may be useful to others, we
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may include it on the next GNO/ME distribution!</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times"><b>Software Piracy</b></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">If you copied GNO/ME from someone and are
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now reading this, take a moment to reflect on what you've done.
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GNO/ME is a project that has consumed around three man-years of
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effort, huge amounts of money, and a lot of grief on our part.
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The kernel alone consists of over 18,000 lines of source code;
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the shell and utilities make up another twenty to thirty thousand
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lines.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Is it right that you're now benefiting from
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our effort without any just compensation to the authors and
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Procyon, Inc.? We are Apple II programmers born, bred and raised
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in the spirit of the machine; we love to program it, and probably
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always will. But if we cannot make enough money to make it
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worthwhile to continue work on GNO/ME, then we won't; because by
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worthwhile, we mean not only food on the table, but resources for
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expansion; expansion of our IIgs product line and support to IIgs
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owners being abandoned by the rest of the industry. In short,
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support us and we'll support you.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME is very inexpensive when you
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consider what it allows you to do, and what it will allow you to
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do when software development for GNO/ME starts full-swing. And
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it's a small price to pay indeed for our loyalty to you, the IIgs
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owner.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">To all you GNO/ME purchasers out there:
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thank you very much. We will continue to provide you with new
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IIgs products until our hair and teeth fall out, and our fingers
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are too frail to type the keys (and even then, with Easy Access,
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we might crank out a program or two). We hope you will be
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sufficiently impressed with the system to recommend it to others.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">p.s. Remember - if someone comes up to you
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on the street and offers you some IBM, <b>Just Say GNO!</b></font></p>
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<hr>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Preface</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Computers are tools. The flexibility of a
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tool determines how useful it is. Early computers were much like
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the one this software was written for: the Apple IIgs. They could
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only run one program at a time, and their usefulness was limited
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to what the particular program the user was executing offered. In
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the late 1960's, a team of researchers at AT&T began
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developing the UNIX operating system. The UNIX design was
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partially based on the premise that most programs are I/O bound,
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that is, most of the time the program executes is spent waiting
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for user input or other I/O operations. While one program is
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waiting for I/O, why not allow another program to execute? This
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is what they did, and the result was one of the most successful
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computer operating systems ever created.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The Apple IIgs, like the Macintosh it is
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modelled after, provides very limited multitasking abilities in
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the form of desk accessories (NDAs). The programs in the NDA menu
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are available in whatever application you use as long as it
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follows Apple's guidelines. However, there are many graphics
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based programs that don't support NDAs, and in addition there is
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a wealth of software that has been developed for the Byte Works'
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ORCA environment. This environment is mainly text-based, and thus
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makes access to NDAs impossible. As if that wasn't enough, it's
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very difficult to write an NDA to allow the application to keep
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running concurrently. So the benefits are lost, and we're back at
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ground zero.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Enter the GNO Multitasking Environment.
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What was once just dreamed about is now a reality. GNO/ME
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provides an environment that is almost entirely compatible with
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software developed for the ORCA environment. But GNO/ME also
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provides a wealth of new abilities, lots of new ground for
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developers and users alike.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Before we begin describing, we'd like to
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respond to those who say such a multitasking system isn't
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possible on the Apple IIgs. Obviously it is: you hold it in your
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hands. Some say the Apple IIgs isn't powerful enough to make
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multitasking useful. We point out that the Apple IIgs is much
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more powerful than the first computers UNIX was designed to run
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on; they only had 64K of real memory, and were 16 bit machines.
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Some ask why you'd ever need to run more than one program at
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once. These are the same people who asked why we'd ever need more
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than 64K of memory, or more than 140K of storage on disks (end
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soapbox).</font></p>
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<hr>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Introduction</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The GNO Multitasking Environment provides
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pre-emptive multitasking. Many programs can be executing at the
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same time; each is called a 'process'. Each process is allowed to
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run for a short period of time (1/20th of a second on average).
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When its time runs out, the current process is set aside and
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another one chosen to run next. This cycle continues until there
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are no more processes left (i.e. when you exit GNO/ME). Starting
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up processes to run 'in the background' is a simple matter of
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adding a few characters to the shell commands.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME provides a shell that takes full
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advantage of the multitasking ability provided. The most
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important feature of the shell is job control (starting,
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terminating, and suspending processes). But the shell also
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provides power never before seen on the Apple IIgs. The ability
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to choose files by 'wildcard' has been around for a while, but
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the GNO Shell takes this to a new level with 'regular
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expressions', a very powerful yet simple programming language.
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Other benefits of the GNO shell are too numerous to mention. (see
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the <i>GNO Shell User's Manual </i>for details).</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">In addition to being compatible with the
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ORCA system, GNO/ME is a very powerful programming environment.
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Available to the programmer are all the calls needed to control
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processes, support Inter-Process Communication, and other tools
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needed in a multitasking environment. </font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME also boasts the first completely
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consistent method for accessing serial and console I/O. The IIgs
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TextTools have been incredibly enhanced to provide a truly
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all-encompassing interface for serial, console, and IPC
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applications. Imagine being able to attach terminals to your GS,
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and have a useful shell in each one. Multiuser BBSs, remote
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dial-ups, UUCP or SLIP that doesn't take over your computer- the
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applications are endless!</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">With all this talk of shell utilities, have
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desktop users (users of programs like AppleWorks GS) been left
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behind? Absolutely not. GNO/ME doesn't allow more than one
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desktop program to run concurrently, but it DOES let you run a
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desktop program with as many text applications as you like. In
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other words, no functionality is lost from the IIgs by using
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GNO/ME.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Finally, the GNO Multitasking Environment
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comes with a large number of free utilities that bring some of
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the power of a UNIX system to the Apple IIgs. Also, a number of
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programming libraries are included that make it easy to port
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programs from UNIX or MS-DOS systems to the Apple IIgs.</font></p>
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<hr>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">The GNO/ME package</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Included in your GNO/ME Version 2.0 package
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are:</font></p>
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<ul>
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<li><font face="Times">this GNO/ME overview </font></li>
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<li><font face="Times">the GNO Shell User's Manual</font></li>
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<li><font face="Times">the GNO Kernel Reference Manual</font></li>
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<li><font face="Times">a selection of utility and library
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documentation</font></li>
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<li><font face="Times">a reading list containing a wide
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selection of books for both the user and the programmer</font></li>
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<li><font face="Times">three disks containing the GNO Kernel,
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GNO Shell, and loads of utilities</font></li>
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</ul>
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<hr>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Hardware Requirements</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME will work on any Apple IIgs with at
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least 2 MegaBytes of memory and a hard drive.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">You should have at least 5 MegaBytes of
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hard disk space free.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">We recommend 4 MegaBytes of Memory and an
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accellerator card, especially if you will be using GNO with many
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background processes. A modem and access to an on-line service
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will greatly speed access to technical assistance and new
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utilities as they are made available.</font></p>
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<hr>
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<p><font size="6" face="Times">Installation</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">GNO/ME is a very large system. Most of the
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system is stored on the three disks in a compressed format. For
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this reason we recommend that you read this section carefully and
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use the included automated installation program to save yourself
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the major headache of arranging everything. You'll need a hard
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drive partition with at least 5 Megabytes free to install GNO/ME.
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The entire installation process should take no longer than 10
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minutes. </font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">If you are upgrading from GNO 1.0 to GNO
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2.0, we recommend that you install GNO 2.0 on a new area of your
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hard drive. This is because GNO 2.0 provides new versions of
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almost all the utilities and other software provided with GNO
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1.0. You can then move the parts of your old system that aren't a
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part of the standard GNO 2.0 distribution over to the new
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installation. </font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">The installer program is able to the copy
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the GNO libraries for use with the ORCA languages and tools. If
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you want to use your ORCA languages and tools, you should answer
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the appropriate questions during the install process. ORCA
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installation is covered in more detail below.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Times">Step 1:</font></p>
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<dir>
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<li><font face="Times">Copy the contents of /GNO.Disk1 to the
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partition where you want to install GNO/ME. The easiest
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way to do this is to run the IIGS Finder™ program,
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insert the </font><font size="2" face="Courier">/GNO.Disk1</font><font
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face="Times"> disk, and drag the </font><font size="2"
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face="Courier">/GNO.Disk1</font><font face="Times"> onto
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the icon of the drive you want to install on. The Finder
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will tell you that the disks are of a different size, and
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ask you if you wish to place the contents of </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">/GNO.Disk1</font><font
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face="Times"> in a folder on the hard drive partition.
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Answer "Yes", and the Finder will copy the
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data.</font></li>
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</dir>
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<p><font face="Times">Step 2:</font></p>
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<dir>
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<li><font face="Times">Open the newly created </font><font
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size="2" face="Courier">GNO.Disk1</font><font
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face="Times"> folder on the partition and execute 'Kern'
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by double-clicking on the </font><font size="2"
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face="Courier">Kern</font><font face="Times"> icon. </font><font
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size="2" face="Times">GNO.Disk1</font><font face="Times">
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contains a minimal GNO system which you have just started
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up. You'll see some copyright messages, and after a few
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seconds the desktop will appear.</font></li>
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</dir>
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<p><font face="Times">Step 3:</font></p>
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<dir>
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<li><font face="Times">Install will ask you questions before
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the installation process begins. Questions asked by
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Install are boldfaced in the following discussion. If
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you're uncertain of how to answer, click on the 'Info'
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button to get more information on the question. This
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information is reproduced here for ease of reference.</font><p><font
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face="Times"><b>Do you have existing Byteworks (ORCA)
|
|
language products?</b></font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Times">If you use Byteworks language
|
|
products such as ORCA/C, ORCA/M, ORCA/Pascal, etc. and
|
|
wish to use them from GNO/ME then answer 'Yes' to this
|
|
question. Otherwise, answer 'No'.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Clicking on the 'Info' button will
|
|
display the following text:</font></p>
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">If you currently
|
|
use products such as ORCA/C, ORCA/Pascal, ORCA/M, etc.,
|
|
and wish to use them from GNO/ME then you should answer
|
|
'Yes' to this dialog.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">Install will then
|
|
ask you to locate the file "ORCA.SYS16" (the
|
|
ORCA Shell). Usually, it will be in a directory called
|
|
"ORCA" on one of your hard drive partitions. On
|
|
our system, it is :software:orca. The location of this
|
|
file determines where Install puts the GNO-specific
|
|
ORCA/C header files and libraries (in the ORCA LIBRARIES
|
|
directory). If you have renamed ORCA.SYS16 to something
|
|
else, select that instead. </font></p>
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">Install uses this
|
|
information to correctly set the ORCA prefixes and add
|
|
the EXECUTABLES directory to the $PATH variable in your
|
|
gshrc file. See the GNO Shell User's Manual, Appendix B,
|
|
for more information on the ORCA prefixes.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Do you want to install the
|
|
modified ORCA/C 2.0 ORCALIB library?</b></font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Times">If you have ORCA/C 2.0 installed
|
|
and you answered 'Yes' to the previous question, then you
|
|
should answer 'Yes' now. If you have ORCA/C 1.3
|
|
installed, or you do not have any ORCA languages or
|
|
tools, then you should answer 'No'.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Clicking 'Info' will display the
|
|
following text:</font></p>
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">GNO/ME 2.0 comes
|
|
with a modified version of the ORCA/C ORCALIB standard
|
|
library. This library adds specific support for some of
|
|
GNO's special files (pipes, terminals, etc) transparently
|
|
and corrects other problems the standard ORCALIB has with
|
|
GNO.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">This special
|
|
ORCALIB is only for use with ORCA/C 2.0. It will NOT work
|
|
with previous versions of ORCA/C.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">Note that all of
|
|
GNO's other libraries (libgno, libbsd, libc) work fine
|
|
with ORCA/C 1.3.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Do you want to install the
|
|
Multi-User package?</b></font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Times">If you wish to have the Multi User
|
|
package installed, answer 'Yes'. It is recommended that
|
|
new users do not install this package until they are
|
|
familiar with the system. This package is not fully
|
|
discussed in the GNO/ME manuals and may introduce many
|
|
unfamiliar concepts.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Clicking 'Info' will display the
|
|
following text:</font></p>
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">The 'Multi-User'
|
|
package consists of a number of cooperating programs,
|
|
including init(8) and login(8). MU provides for
|
|
password-protected access to the GNO Shell via the
|
|
console or serial ports (modems and dedicated terminals).
|
|
It also handles multiple user accounts, and a certain
|
|
level of protection between users. </font></p>
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">If you will be
|
|
using a terminal with GNO, or want to be able to dial
|
|
into GNO with a modem, you should install MU.</font></p>
|
|
<p><font size="2" face="Geneva,Arial">You may wish to
|
|
hold off setting up the Multi-User package until you
|
|
learn your way around GNO a little better, as it's simple
|
|
to set up MU later.</font></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</dir>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Step 4:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<dir>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">The Installer will now proceed to
|
|
arrange the GNO Multitasking Environment on your hard
|
|
drive. Initially, the contents of /GNO.Disk1 will be
|
|
moved into the proper places on the volume you have
|
|
chosen. When asked by the Installer, you should place
|
|
/GNO.Disk2 and /GNO.Disk3 into the disk drive. The
|
|
contents of these disks will be extracted and
|
|
decompressed into their proper places.</font><p><font
|
|
face="Times">If the installer cannot finish it's tasks
|
|
for some reason, it will abort to the shell. At this
|
|
point you should study the error messages to determine
|
|
the cause of the failure, </font></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</dir>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Step 5:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<dir>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">When the Installer finishes, you will
|
|
be returned to the GNO prompt. At this time you should
|
|
type 'exit' to return to Finder and delete the </font><font
|
|
size="2" face="Courier">GNO.Disk1</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> directory, as it is no longer needed (GNO
|
|
is completely installed in a subdirectory </font><font
|
|
face="Courier">'</font><font size="2" face="Courier">GNO</font><font
|
|
face="Courier">'</font><font face="Times"> on the same
|
|
partition </font><font size="2" face="Courier">GNO.Disk1</font><font
|
|
face="Times"> is on.</font></li>
|
|
</dir>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">That's all!</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>What has been installed?</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">If you examine the directory that you chose
|
|
for GNO/ME, you will find that the Installer has created several
|
|
directories. Here is a brief rundown of thier contents:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p> </p>
|
|
|
|
<dir>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:bin: This directory contains the
|
|
executable shell utilities included with the GNO/ME
|
|
package.</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">gno:dev: This directory contains
|
|
device drivers. The GNO/ME package includes serial
|
|
drivers for the II</font><font size="2" face="Times">GS</font><font
|
|
face="Times">' built-in modem and printer ports.</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:etc: Various system configuration
|
|
files</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:initrc This a startup file for
|
|
kern and must remain in this directory.</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:kern This is the GNO kernel.
|
|
Launch this to start GNO/ME.</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:lib: This directory is provided
|
|
for,,,, It is currently empty.</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:tmp: This directory is provided
|
|
for,,,, It is currently empty.</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:user: This directory is created
|
|
if you installed the Multi-User package. It contains a
|
|
user directories for users of the system. Currently there
|
|
is only one: 'root'. </font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:usr: This directory contains UNIX
|
|
System Resources (USR).</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:usr:bin: Miscellaneous utilities</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:usr:man: This directory contains
|
|
the manual pages for the 'man' utility. There are eight
|
|
categories of information as defined by UNIX standards.
|
|
These eight categories are presented in either formatted
|
|
(man) or unformatted (cat) entries.</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:usr:games: The classic "Hunt
|
|
the Wumpus" game, and perhaps others.</font></li>
|
|
<li><font face="Times">:gno:usr:sbin: System administration
|
|
utilities.</font></li>
|
|
</dir>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="6" face="Times">Desk Accessories</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The following is a description of the desk
|
|
accessories that are shipped with GNO/ME.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>GSI NDA</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The Graphical Shell Interface New Desk
|
|
Accessory allows you to access the shell from a window inside a
|
|
desktop application. Selecting 'GSI' from the Apple menu opens a
|
|
window and brings up a shell in it. You can use the shell in this
|
|
window just as you would in text mode.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">At this time, GSI doesn't support any
|
|
terminal emulations; i.e., it's a 'dumb' interface. As a result,
|
|
full screen programs like 'less' and 'vi' will not work properly
|
|
in GSI.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Suspend NDA</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The Suspend New Desk Accessory allows you
|
|
to temporarily stop a desktop program and return to the text
|
|
shell. To return to the desktop program, simply type '<b>fg</b>'.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">You may put desktop programs in the
|
|
background ('<b>bg</b>') at your own risk. This is not guaranteed
|
|
to work for all programs, and putting a desktop program in the
|
|
background will not put the Apple IIgs in text mode.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Also, do not run another desktop program
|
|
when one is currently suspended. The GNO kernel tries to cleanly
|
|
terminate the second program, but may not always be able to
|
|
accomplish this.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>GNO Snooper CDA</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The GNO Snooper CDA is a utility that is
|
|
very helpful in debugging software, and reporting system crashes.
|
|
Snooper has access to information inside the kernel that is not
|
|
generally available to processes.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">When you enter the control panel and choose
|
|
"GNO Snooper" a process list is displayed, which is
|
|
very similar to the 'ps' shell command, and a menu is presented
|
|
with the following options:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">D)etails</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Get detailed information on a process.
|
|
Snooper asks you for the process ID number of the process you
|
|
want to investigate. Snooper then dumps the state of the 65816
|
|
registers and shows various other information about the process.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">K)ill</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">This option sends a SIGKILL (signal number
|
|
9) to a process. Just type in the process ID of the process you
|
|
want to kill.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">P)rocess Group Dump</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Dumps the system process group tables,
|
|
which is very useful for debugging code which manipulates process
|
|
groups. The first table, 'pgrp', is the process group reference
|
|
count table. This table lists how many processes (and TTYs)
|
|
belong to that process group. pgrp ID's start at 2, so the first
|
|
pgrp listed is 2.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">The second listing is the ttyStruct table.
|
|
This table shows which pgrp each TTY belongs to. The TTYs start
|
|
with .null (0), then move on to .ttyb, .ttya, .ttyco, etc.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">F)ile Table Dump</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Lists all open files that GNO knows about.
|
|
The information is presented in tuples. The first element is the
|
|
real GS/OS refNum or device driver ID. The second is the type of
|
|
file (GSOS, ttyXX, or PIPE). The third is how many references to
|
|
that file are open. This information is global, so if two
|
|
processes have .NULL opened, the refcount for .tty00 will be 2.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="6" face="Times">Reading List</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Recommended Reading for Users</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Learning Unix<br>
|
|
Author: James Gardner<br>
|
|
Publisher: Sams<br>
|
|
Edition: 1991<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-672-30001-X</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: With disks containing MSDOS
|
|
simulation of Unix (MKS Tools). A good tutorial / reference book
|
|
for those without constant access to Unix.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: The Unix Operating System<br>
|
|
Author: Kaare Christian<br>
|
|
Publisher: Wiley<br>
|
|
Edition: 2nd ed. 1988<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-471-84781-X</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: A classic overview of Unix
|
|
commands. Good in coverage.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Peter Norton's Guide to Unix<br>
|
|
Authors: Peter Norton and Harley Hahn<br>
|
|
Publisher: Bantam Computer<br>
|
|
Edition: 1991<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-553-35260-1</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: Good coverage. A good introduction
|
|
for beginners (especially those accustomed to DOS).</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Unix in a Nutshell<br>
|
|
Authors: Daniel Gilly and O'Reilly staff<br>
|
|
Publisher: O'Reilly<br>
|
|
Edition: 2nd ed. 1992 (System V and Solaris 2)<br>
|
|
ISBN: 1-56592-001-5</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: **** Highly Recommended **** An
|
|
excellent desktop reference to almost all Unix commands "a
|
|
complete reference containing all commands and options, plus
|
|
generous descriptions and examples that put the commands in
|
|
context." Also, an edition for 4.3. BSD.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Life with Unix - A Guide for
|
|
Everyone<br>
|
|
Authors: Don Libes and Sandy Ressler<br>
|
|
Publisher: Prentice Hall<br>
|
|
Edition: 1990<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-13-536657-7</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: **** Highly Recommended **** An
|
|
everything-you-want-to-know-about-Unix book. It includes info you
|
|
might not find elsewhere. "This book is the
|
|
"other" book about Unix, a study in reading between the
|
|
lines - which is very much what learning UNIX is like."</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Unix for the Impatient<br>
|
|
Authors: Paul Abrahams and Bruce Larson<br>
|
|
Publisher: Addison Wesley<br>
|
|
Edition: 1992<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-201-55703-7</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: **** Highly Recommended **** A
|
|
new, comprehensive, in-depth reference to Unix. "a handbook
|
|
you can use both as a manual to learn UNIX and as a ready
|
|
reference for fast answers to specific UNIX questions."</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Learning the vi Editor<br>
|
|
Author: Linda Lamb<br>
|
|
Publisher: O'Reilly<br>
|
|
Edition: 1990<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-937175-67-6</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: A very good guide to vi and ex
|
|
commands. With a quick reference card.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Titles: vi Tutor and vi Reference<br>
|
|
Authors: Michael Pierce and Robert Ware (Tut), Maarten Litmaati
|
|
(Ref)<br>
|
|
Edition: 1.3 (Tut), 8 (Ref)</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: These and other good vi stuff are
|
|
obtainable by anonymous ftp from cs.uwp.edu (in pub/vi) ...</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Recommended Reading for Programmers</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: The Design and Implementation of the
|
|
4.3 BSD Unix Operating System<br>
|
|
Authors: Samuel Leffler et al<br>
|
|
Publisher: Addison-Wesley<br>
|
|
Edition: 1990<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-201-06196-1</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: An authoritative description of
|
|
the design of BSD Unix. "It covers the internal structure of
|
|
the 4.3BSD system and the concepts, data structures, and
|
|
algorithms used in implementing the system facilities."</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: The Unix Programming Environment<br>
|
|
Authors: Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike<br>
|
|
Publisher: Prentice-Hall<br>
|
|
Edition: 1984<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-13-937681-X</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: A true classic on Unix
|
|
programming.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Advanced Programming in The Unix
|
|
Environment<br>
|
|
Author: Richard Stevens<br>
|
|
Publisher: Addison-Wesley<br>
|
|
Edition: 1992<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-201-56317-7</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: **** Highly Recommended **** A
|
|
going-to-be classic on how programs work under Unix. The source
|
|
codes and errata list are obtainable by anonymous ftp from
|
|
ftp.uu.net (in /published/books).</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Advanced Unix Programming<br>
|
|
Author: Marc Rochkind<br>
|
|
Publisher: Prentice Hall<br>
|
|
Edition: 1985<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-13-011818-4</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: A superb book covering all system
|
|
calls in detail.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Using C on the Unix System<br>
|
|
Author: David Curry<br>
|
|
Publisher: O'Reilly<br>
|
|
Edition: 1990<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-937175-23-4</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: This book is directed to
|
|
(would-be) system programmers.</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times"><b>Required Reading for Programmers</b></font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: The C Programming Language<br>
|
|
Authors: Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie <br>
|
|
Publisher: Prentice Hall<br>
|
|
Edition: 2nd ed. 1988<br>
|
|
ISBN: 0-13-110362-8</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Comment: The answers to the exercises can
|
|
be found in C Answer Book written by Tondo and Gimpel and
|
|
published by Prentice Hall (ISBN: 0-13-109653-2).</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">All the books listed below are available
|
|
from:</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Resource Central<br>
|
|
PO Box 11250<br>
|
|
Overland Park Kansas 66207<br>
|
|
(913) 469 6502</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Apple IIgs ToolBox Reference.<br>
|
|
Volumes 1, 2 & 3<br>
|
|
Author: Apple Computer<br>
|
|
Publisher: Addison-Wesley</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Programmers Reference for System 6.0<br>
|
|
Author: Mike Westerfield<br>
|
|
Publisher: Byteworks, Inc</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: Apple IIgs Firmware Reference<br>
|
|
Author: Apple Computer<br>
|
|
Publisher: Addison-Wesley</font></p>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Times">Title: GS/OS Reference<br>
|
|
Author: Apple Computer<br>
|
|
Publisher: Addison-Wesley</font></p>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|