216 lines
7.1 KiB
Plaintext
216 lines
7.1 KiB
Plaintext
<!--
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;; $Id: start.docbook,v 1.1 2012/08/25 07:19:03 gdr Exp $
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-->
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<chapter id="gsh-start">
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<title>Getting Started with the GNO Shell</title>
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<para><quote><emphasis>
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Computer operating systems are among the most complex objects created by
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mankind...
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</emphasis>
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</quote>
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-- Douglas Comer, Operating System Design, the XINU Approach
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</para>
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<section>
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<title>Introduction</title>
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<para>
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The GNO shell is an integral part of the
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GNO Multitasking Environment (GNO/ME). The GNO shell provides the
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interface between the user and the GNO Kernel. While both work
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together, the jobs they perform are quite different. This manual
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documents the functions of the shell.
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</para>
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<para>The user interacts with the shell through a
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command-line interface. Command-line interfaces provide a unique
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way of interacting with the operating system. Unlike GUIs
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(Graphical User Interfaces), with which you are already familiar
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with by using programs such as the Finder and ShrinkIt! GS, all
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commands are typically entered using the keyboard. The shell
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interprets commands and passes them to the kernel for control and
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execution.</para>
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<para>The command-line interface will be
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unfamiliar to some people However, once the command-line
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interface has been mastered, the user should have no difficulty
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using any current or future GNO applications. Those of you
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already familiar with Unix interfaces, such as the C shell,
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Bourne shell, and Korn shell, or the ORCA shell on the Apple
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IIGS, will begin to realize the advantages which GNO/ME is able
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to provide.</para>
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<para>The way this manual is presented allows the
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complete beginner to simply work through the chapters in a
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chronological prder.
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<xref linkend="gsh-interact"/>
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familiarises the user with
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entering basic commands whereas the more powerful GNO/ME features
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are introduced in
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<xref linkend="gsh-productive"/>.
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<xref linkend="gsh-commands"/>
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documents the commands which are built into the GNO Shell and
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<xref linkend="gsh-shellvars"/>
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explains shell
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variables which give the user control over how their installation
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functions.</para>
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</section>
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<section id="gsh-start-custom">
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<title>Customizing the Shell Environment</title>
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<para>When <command>gsh</command>, the implementation of the
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GNO Shell, is executed, it reads in and processes the <filename>gshrc</filename>
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file. This file contains start-up instructions for the shell,
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which can be used to customize the operation of the shell and
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other aspects of the system. It is created by the GNO Installer
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during the installation process.
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</para>
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<para>
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The following is a sample <filename>gshrc</filename> file
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(line numbers have been added for convenience):
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</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>
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1 ###
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2 #
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3 # GNO 2.0 gshrc file
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4 #
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5 ###
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6 #
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7 # Initialize our environment
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8 #
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9 set path=":hard:gno:bin :hard:gno:usr:bin"
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10 set prompt="[%h] %S%t%s %C> "
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11 set home=":hard:gno:user:root"
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12 set term=gnocon
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13 export path prompt home term
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14 setenv history=100 savehist=25
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15 ###
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16 #
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17 #Set up standard prefixes for utilities.
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18 #
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19 ###
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20 prefix 2 :software:orca:libraries
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21 prefix 3 :software:orca
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22 prefix 4 :software:orca:shell
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23 prefix 5 :software:orca:languages
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24 prefix 6 :software:orca:utilities
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25 prefix 7 :tmp
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26 ###
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27 #
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28 # Set up prefixes for Orca2.0(tm)'s benefit
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29 #
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30 ###
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31 prefix 13 :software:orca:libraries
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32 prefix 14 :software:orca
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33 prefix 15 :software:orca:shell
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34 prefix 16 :software:orca:languages
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35 prefix 17 :software:orca:utilities
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36 alias ls 'ls -CF'
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37 alias dir 'ls -al'
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38 alias cp 'cp -i'
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39 alias rm 'cp -p rm'
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40 alias mv 'cp -p mv'
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41 setenv usrman='/usr/man'
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42 set fignore='.a .root .sym'
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43 alias zcat 'compress -cd'
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44 setenv pager=less
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45 setenv less=-e
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46 set nonewline=1
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47 #
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48 # Move to home directory
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49 #
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50 cd
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</screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>When you install GNO/ME, the GNO installer
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knows where to find the GNO utilities and any ORCA utilities you
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may have. Unfortunately it does not know where all the other
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utilities and applications that you may wish to use are located.
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It is therefore necessary to edit the setup file in order to tell
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the GNO shell where these programs are on your hard disk.</para>
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<para>The setup file, <filename>gshrc</filename>, is located in
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the /usr directory of the path where you installed GNO/ME. You
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can use any text editor from the desktop to edit the <filename>gshrc</filename>
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file, or if you are already familiar with the editor vi
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you can use this utility after launching the GNO kernel.</para>
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<para>Line 9 is the statement that we are
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concerned with. <userinput>Hard</userinput> represents the name of your
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particular hard drive volume where you have installed GNO/ME.</para>
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<screen>
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9 set path=":hard:gno:bin :hard:gno:usr:bin"
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</screen>
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<para>You will see that spaces have been inserted
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between pathnames. The space is the pathname separator and the
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colon has been used as the path delimiter for this specific
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variable, PATH. As an exercise, add your system directory to this
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statement. Line 9 should now look like this:</para>
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<screen>
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9 set path=":hard:gno:bin:hard:gno:usr:bin :hard:system"
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</screen>
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<para>What you have just done allows the GNO
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shell to find the Finder application. Now go ahead and add
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any pathnames that hold utilities or applications that you will
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use frequently from GNO/ME. It should also be noted that it is
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possible to have more than one pathname containing EXE, SYS16, or
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EXEC files; this is impossible under ORCA. The PATH variable is
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discussed thoroughly in
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<xref linkend="gsh-shellvars"/>.
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</para>
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<para>For now, the remaining lines of the <filename>gshrc</filename>
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file do not need editing. As you gain an understanding of the
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system you may wish to make further changes to the <filename>gshrc</filename>
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file. Make sure you save the file before you exit the editor.</para>
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<para>It is possible to modify these instructions
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while the GNO shell is active, but any changes will be lost upon
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exiting <command>gsh</command>. If you wish the changes to remain effective
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for the next session you must add them to the <filename>gshrc</filename> file.</para>
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<para>By customizing the <filename>gshrc</filename> file it is
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possible to make the GNO environment more like UNIX, the ORCA
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environment, or something completly different. Customization of
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the GNO environment leads to greater user productivity.</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Invoking gsh</title>
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<para>GNO/ME can be launched from a program
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launcher, such as the System 6.0 Finder. Launch the GNO Kernel
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program, <command>kern</command> by double clicking on it. The GNO kernel
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automatically executes the supplied GNO shell, <command>gsh</command>.
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</para>
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<para>The prompt,
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<quote>gsh# </quote>
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indicates that <command>gsh</command> is ready to receive input from the
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keyboard.</para>
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<para>To start a new <command>gsh</command> from the
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command-line simply type <command>gsh</command>.
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If multiple copies of the <command>gsh</command>
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process are undesirable, use the command <command>source gsh</command>
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instead. This is useful for testing changes made to the
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<filename>gshrc</filename> file.
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<command>source</command> is a built-in comand which is discussed in
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<xref linkend="gsh-commands"/>.
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</para>
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</section>
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</chapter>
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