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.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)getlogin.2 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/9/93
.\"
.TH GETLOGIN 2 "17 September 1997" GNO "System Calls"
.SH NAME
.BR getlogin ,
.BR setlogin
\- get/set login name
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
.sp 1
char *\fBgetlogin\fR (void);
.sp 1
int \fBsetlogin\fR (const char *\fIname\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR getlogin
routine
returns the login name of the user associated with the current session,
as previously set by
.BR setlogin .
The name is normally associated with a login shell
at the time a session is created,
and is inherited by all processes descended from the login shell.
(This is true even if some of those processes assume another user ID,
for example when
.BR su (1)
is used.)
.LP
.BR Setlogin
sets the login name of the user associated with the current session to
.IR name .
This call is restricted to the super-user, and
is normally used only when a new session is being created on behalf
of the named user
(for example, at login time, or when a remote shell is invoked).
.SH RETURN VALUES
If a call to
.BR getlogin
succeeds, it returns a pointer to a null-terminated string in a static buffer.
If the name has not been set, it returns
.BR NULL .
If a call to
.BR setlogin
succeeds, a value of 0 is returned. If
.BR setlogin
fails, a value of -1 is returned and an error code is
placed in the global location
.IR errno .
.SH ERRORS
The following errors may be returned by these calls:
.RS
.IP \fBEFAULT\fR
The
.I name
parameter gave an
invalid address.
.IP \fBEINVAL\fR
The
.I name
parameter
pointed to a string that was too long.
Login names are limited to
.BR MAXLOGNAME
(from
.BR <sys/param.h> )
characters, currently 12.
.IP \fBEPERM\fR
The caller tried to set the login name and was not the super-user.
.RE
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR setsid (2)
.SH BUGS
Login names are limited in length by
.BR setlogin .
However, lower limits are placed on login names elsewhere in the system
.RB ( UT_NAMESIZE
in
.BR <utmp.h> ) .
.LP
In earlier versions of the system,
.BR getlogin
failed unless the process was associated with a login terminal.
The current implementation (using
.BR setlogin )
allows getlogin to succeed even when the process has no controlling terminal.
In earlier versions of the system, the value returned by
.BR getlogin
could not be trusted without checking the user ID.
Portable programs should probably still make this check.
.SH HISTORY
The
.BR getlogin
function first appeared in 4.4BSD.

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.\"
.\" Macros for converting newline translation mode of stdio streams.
.\" Devin Reade, 1997
.\"
.\" $Id: fsettext.3,v 1.1 1997/09/19 15:47:54 gdr Exp $
.\"
.TH FSETTEXT 3 "15 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fsettext ,
.BR fsetbinary
\- set the newline translation mode for a stdio stream.
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
void \fBfsettext\fR (FILE *\fIfp\fR);
.br
void \fBfsetbinary\fR (FILE *\fIfp\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The FILE struct for each stdio stream contains information as to whether
or not newline translation (carrige return to linefeed and back) will occur
for that stream. This translation mode is set when the stream is opened
by passing (or not passing) the "\fBb\fR" flag modifier to
.BR fopen (3),
.BR fdopen (3),
or
.BR freopen (3).
.LP
The stdio streams that are already open upon entry into the
.BR main
routine
.RB ( stdin ,
.BR stdout ,
and
.BR stderr )
by default do newline translations. The
.BR fsetbinary
macro allows these translations to be disabled. The
.BR fsettext
macro allows these translations to be reenabled. These macros are not
necessary and should not be used for any other stream pointers.
.LP
These macros must be used before any I/O is performed on the associated
stream. If I/O has already been performed, the results are undefined.
.SH STANDARDS
.BR fsetbinary
and
.BR fsettext
are non-standard routines, and should not be used for programs intended
to be ported to other platforms.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR fflush (3),
.BR fopen (3),
.BR stdio (3)

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek.
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)funopen.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/9/93
.\"
.TH FUNOPEN 3 "17 September 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR funopen ,
.BR fropen ,
.BR fwopen
\- open a stream
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
FILE *\fBfunopen\fR (void *\fIcookie\fR, int (*\fIreadfn\fR)(void *, char *, int), int (*\fIwritefn\fR)(void *, const char *, int), fpos_t (*\fIseekfn\fR)(void *, fpos_t, int), int (*\fIclosefn\fR)(void *));
.sp 1
FILE *\fBfropen\fR (void *\fIcookie\fR, int (*\fIreadfn\fR)(void *, char *, int));
.sp 1
FILE *\fBfwopen\fR (void *\fIcookie\fR, int (*\fIwritefn\fR)(void *, char *, int));
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR funopen
function
associates a stream with up to four I/O functions.
Either
.I readfn
or
.I writefn
must be specified;
the others can be given as an appropriately-typed
.BR NULL
pointer.
These I/O
functions will be used to read, write, seek and
close the new stream.
.LP
In general, omitting a function means that any attempt to perform the
associated operation on the resulting stream will fail.
If the close function is omitted, closing the stream will flush
any buffered output and then succeed.
.LP
The calling conventions of
.IR readfn ,
.IR writefn ,
.I seekfn
and
.I closefn
must match those, respectively, of
.BR read (2),
.BR write (2),
.BR seek (2),
and
.BR close (2)
with the single exception that they are passed the
.I cookie
argument specified to
.BR funopen
in place of the traditional file descriptor argument.
.LP
Read and write I/O
functions are allowed to change the underlying buffer
on fully buffered or line buffered streams by calling
.BR setvbuf (3).
They are also not required to completely fill or empty the buffer.
They are not, however, allowed to change streams from unbuffered to buffered
or to change the state of the line buffering flag.
They must also be prepared to have read or write calls occur on buffers other
than the one most recently specified.
.LP
All user I/O
functions can report an error by returning \-1.
Additionally, all of the functions should set the external variable
.IR errno
appropriately if an error occurs.
.LP
An error on
.BR closefn
does not keep the stream open.
.LP
As a convenience, the include file
.BR <stdio.h>
defines the macros
.BR fropen
and
.BR fwopen
as calls to
.BR funopen
with only a read or write function specified.
.SH RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion,
.BR funopen
returns a
.BR FILE
pointer.
Otherwise,
.BR NULL
is returned and the global variable
.IR errno
is set to indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
.RS
.IP \fBEINVAL\fR
The
.BR funopen
function
was called without either a read or write function.
The
.BR funopen
function
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors
specified for the routine
.BR malloc (3).
.RE
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR fcntl (2),
.BR open (2),
.BR fclose (3),
.BR fopen (3),
.BR fseek (3),
.BR setbuf (3)
.SH HISTORY
The
.BR funopen
functions first appeared in 4.4BSD.
.SH BUGS
The
.BR funopen
function
may not be portable to systems other than BSD.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)utmp.5 8.2 (Berkeley) 3/17/94
.\"
.TH UTMP 5 "17 September 1997" GNO "File Formats"
.SH NAME
.BR utmp ,
.BR wtmp ,
.BR lastlog
\- login records
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <utmp.h>
.SH DESCRIPTION
The file
.BR <utmp.h>
declares the structures used to record information about current
users in the file
.BR utmp ,
logins and logouts in the file
.BR wtmp ,
and last logins in the file
.BR lastlog .
The time stamps of date changes, shutdowns and reboots are also logged in
the
.BR wtmp
file.
.LP
These files can grow rapidly on busy systems, daily or weekly rotation
is recommended.
If any of these files do not exist, it is not created.
These
files must be created manually and are normally maintained in either the script
.BR /etc/daily
or the script
.BR /etc/weekly .
(See
.BR cron (8).)
.nf
#define _PATH_UTMP "/var/run/utmp"
#define _PATH_WTMP "/var/log/wtmp"
#define _PATH_LASTLOG "/var/log/lastlog"
#define UT_NAMESIZE 8
#define UT_LINESIZE 8
#define UT_HOSTSIZE 16
struct lastlog {
time_t ll_time;
char ll_line[UT_LINESIZE];
char ll_host[UT_HOSTSIZE];
};
struct utmp {
char ut_line[UT_LINESIZE];
char ut_name[UT_NAMESIZE];
char ut_host[UT_HOSTSIZE];
long ut_time;
};
.fi
.LP
Each time a user logs in, the
.BR login
program looks up the user's
.I UID
in the file
.BR lastlog.
If it is found, the timestamp of the last time the user logged
in, the terminal line and the hostname
are written to the standard output. (Providing the login is not
.IR quiet ,
see
.BR login (1).)
The
.BR login
program then records the new login time in the file
.BR lastlog .
.LP
After the new
.I lastlog
record is written,
the file
.BR utmp
is opened and the
.I utmp
record for the user inserted.
This record remains there until
the user logs out at which time it is deleted.
The
.BR utmp
file is used by the programs
.BR rwho (1),
.BR users (1),
.BR w (1),
and
.BR who (1).
.LP
Next, the
.BR login
program opens the file
.BR wtmp ,
and appends the user's
.I utmp
record.
The same
.I utmp
record, with an updated time stamp is later appended
to the file when the user logs out. (See
.BR init (8).)
The
.BR wtmp
file is used by the programs
.BR last (1)
and
.BR ac (8).
.LP
In the event of a date change, a shutdown or reboot, the
following items are logged in the
.BR wtmp
file.
.LP
.RS
.IP "\fBreboot\fR, \fBshutdown\fR"
A system reboot or shutdown has been initiated.
The character
.BR \&~
is placed in the field
.IR ut_line ,
and
.B reboot
or
.B shutdown
in the field
.IR ut_name .
(See
.BR shutdown (8)
and
.BR reboot (8).)
.LP
.IP \fBdate\fR
The system time has been manually or automatically updated.
(See
.BR date (1).)
The command name
.BR date
is recorded in the field
.IR ut_name .
In the field
.IR ut_line ,
the character
.BR \\*(Ba
indicates the time prior to the change, and the character
.BR \&{
indicates the new time.
.RE
.SH FILES
.RS
.IP \fB/var/run/utmp\fR
The
.BR utmp file.
.IP \fB/var/log/wtmp\fR
The
.BR wtmp file.
.IP \fB/var/log/lastlog\fR
The
.BR lastlog file.
.RE
.SH BUGS
This man page is not quite right for the GNO implementation (the structures
are incorrect, as is the utmp path).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR last (1),
.BR login (1),
.BR who (1),
.BR ac (8),
.BR init (8)
.SH HISTORY
A
.BR utmp
and
.BR wtmp
file format appeared in v6.
The
.BR lastlog
file format appeared in 3.0BSD.