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added fgetln(3) and fopen(3) man pages -- the latter for fdopen(3)

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)fgetln.3 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
.\"
.TH FGETLN 3 "19 April 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fgetln
\- get a line from a stream
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
char *\fBfgetln\fR (FILE *\fIstream\fR, size_t *\fIlen\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR fgetln
function
returns a pointer to the next line from the stream referenced by
.IR stream
This line is
.IR not
a C string as it does not end with a terminating
.BR NUL
character.
The length of the line, including the final newline,
is stored in the memory location to which
.I len
points.
(Note, however, that if the line is the last
in a file that does not end in a newline,
the returned text will not contain a newline.)
.SH RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion a pointer is returned;
this pointer becomes invalid after the next I/O operation on
.I stream
(whether successful or not)
or as soon as the stream is closed.
Otherwise,
.BR NULL
is returned.
The
.BR fgetln
function
does not distinguish between end-of-file and error; the routines
.BR feof (3)
and
.BR ferror (3)
must be used
to determine which occurred.
If an error occurs, the global variable
.IR errno
is set to indicate the error.
The end-of-file condition is remembered, even on a terminal, and all
subsequent attempts to read will return
.BR NULL
until the condition is
cleared with
.BR clearerr (3).
.LP
The text to which the returned pointer points may be modified,
provided that no changes are made beyond the returned size.
These changes are lost as soon as the pointer becomes invalid.
.SH ERRORS
.RS
.IP \fBEBADF\fR
The argument
.I stream
is not a stream open for reading.
.RE
.LP
The
.BR fgetln
function
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routines
.BR fflush (3),
.BR malloc (3),
.BR read (2),
.BR stat (2),
or
.BR realloc (3).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR ferror (3),
.BR fgets (3),
.BR fopen (3),
.BR putc (3)
.SH HISTORY
The
.BR fgetln
function first appeared in 4.4BSD.

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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\" without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" @(#)fopen.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
.\"
.TH FOPEN 3 "29 April 1997" GNO "Library Routines"
.SH NAME
.BR fopen ,
.BR fdopen ,
.BR freopen
\- stream open functions
.SH SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
.sp 1
FILE *\fBfopen\fR(const char *\fIpath\fR, const char *\fImode\fR);
.sp 1
FILE *\fBfdopen\fR(int \fIfildes\fR, const char *\fImode\fR);
.sp 1
FILE *\fBfreopen\fR(const char *\fIpath\fR, const char *\fImode\fR, FILE *\fIstream\fR);
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR fopen
function
opens the file whose name is the string pointed to by
.I path
and associates a stream with it.
.LP
The argument
.I mode
points to a string beginning with one of the following
sequences (Additional characters may follow these sequences.):
.RS
.IP \fBr\fR
Open text file for reading.
The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
.IP \fBr+\fR
Open for reading and writing.
The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
.IP \fBw\fR
Truncate file to zero length or create text file for writing.
The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
.IP \fBw+\fR
Open for reading and writing.
The file is created if it does not exist, otherwise it is truncated.
The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
.IP \fBa\fR
Open for writing.
The file is created if it does not exist.
The stream is positioned at the end of the file.
.IP \fBa+\fR
Open for reading and writing.
The file is created if it does not exist.
The stream is positioned at the end of the file.
.RE
.LP
The
.I mode
string can also include the letter ``b'' either as a third character or
as a character between the characters in any of the two-character strings
described above.
If the ``b'' is
.I not
specified, then the file is assumed to contain text.
On input, carrige returns (``\\r'') will be translated into
line feeds (``\\n'').
The reverse translation will occur on output.
If the ``b''
.I is
specified, no such translation will occur.
.LP
Any created files will have mode
.BR S_IRUSR
\&|
.BR S_IWUSR
\&|
.BR S_IRGRP
\&|
.BR S_IWGRP
\&|
.BR S_IROTH
\&|
.BR S_IWOTH " (0666),"
as modified by the process'
umask value (see
.BR umask (2)).
.LP
The
.BR fdopen
function associates a stream with the existing file descriptor,
.IR fildes
The
.I mode
of the stream must be compatible with the mode of the file descriptor.
See the section on BUGS.
.LP
The
.BR freopen
function
opens the file whose name is the string pointed to by
.I path
and associates the stream pointed to by
.I stream
with it.
The original stream (if it exists) is closed.
The
.I mode
argument is used just as in the
.BR fopen
function.
The primary use of the
.BR freopen
function
is to change the file associated with a
standard text stream
.IR ( stderr ,
.IR stdin ,
or
.IR stdout ).
.SH RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion
.BR fopen ,
.BR fdopen
and
.BR freopen
return a FILE
pointer.
Otherwise,
.BR NULL
is returned and the global variable
.IR errno
is set to indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
.RS
.IP \fBEINVAL\fR
The
.I mode
provided to
.BR fopen ,
.BR fdopen ,
or
.BR freopen
was invalid.
.RE
.LP
The
.BR fopen ,
.BR fdopen
and
.BR freopen
functions
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routine
.BR malloc (3).
.LP
The
.BR fopen
function
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routine
.BR open (2).
.LP
The
.BR fdopen
function
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routine
.BR fcntl (2)
or
.BR stat (2).
.LP
The
.BR freopen
function
may also fail and set
.IR errno
for any of the errors specified for the routines
.BR open (2),
.BR fclose (3)
and
.BR fflush (3).
.SH BUGS
If
.BR fdopen
is passed a file descriptor in use by another stdio stream (such
as that available from the
.BR fileno
macro),
the result is currently undefined.
If you need to do such an operation, you should
.BR dup (2)
the result of the
.BR fileno
macro before passing it to
.BR fdopen .
.LP
Access bits are not currently checked for any file descriptor passed to
.BR fdopen
which is a character-special file.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR open (2),
.BR stat (2),
.BR fclose (3),
.BR fseek (3),
.BR funopen (3)
.SH STANDARDS
The
.BR fopen
and
.BR freopen
functions
conform to ANSI/C.
The
.BR fdopen
function
conforms to POSIX 1003.1 (1988).