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481 lines
14 KiB
Groff
481 lines
14 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1992, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)sed.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 12/30/93
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.\"
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.TH SED 1 "November 1997" "GNO" "Commands and Applications"
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.SH NAME
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.BR sed
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\- stream editor
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.BI sed " command"
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.RB [ -an ]
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.RI [ "file " ...]
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.PP
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.BR sed " [" -an ]
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.RB [ -e
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.IR command ]...
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.RB [ -f
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.IR command_file ]...
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.RI [ "file " ...]
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The
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.BR sed
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utility reads the specified files, or the standard input if no files
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are specified, modifying the input as specified by a list of commands.
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The input is then written to the standard output.
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.PP
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A single command may be specified as the first argument to
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.BR sed .
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Multiple commands may be specified by using the
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.BR -e
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or
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.BR -f
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options.
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All commands are applied to the input in the order they are specified
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regardless of their origin.
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.PP
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The following options are available:
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.IP \fB-a\fR
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The files listed as parameters for the
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.BR w " (write)"
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functions are created (or truncated) before any processing begins,
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by default.
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The
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.BR -a
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option causes
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.BR sed
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to delay opening each file until a command containing the related
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.BR w
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function is applied to a line of input.
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.IP "\fB-e\fR \fIcommand\fR"
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Append the editing commands specified by the
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.BR command
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argument
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to the list of commands.
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.IP "\fB-f\fR \fIcommand_file\fR"
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Append the editing commands found in the file
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.BR command_file
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to the list of commands.
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The editing commands should each be listed on a separate line.
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.IP \fB-n\fR
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By default, each line of input is echoed to the standard output after
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all of the commands have been applied to it.
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The
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.BR -n
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option suppresses this behavior.
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.PP
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The form of a
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.BR sed
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command is as follows:
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.HP
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.RI [ \|address
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.RB [ \|,
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.IR address\| ]\|]
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.I function
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.RI [ \|arguments\| ]
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.PP
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Whitespace may be inserted before the first address and the function
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portions of the command.
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.PP
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Normally,
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.BR sed
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cyclically copies a line of input, not including its terminating newline
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character, into a
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.IR "pattern space" ,
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(unless there is something left after a
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.BR D
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function),
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applies all of the commands with addresses that select that pattern space,
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copies the pattern space to the standard output, appending a newline, and
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deletes the pattern space.
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.PP
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Some of the functions use a
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.IR "hold space"
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to save all or part of the pattern space for subsequent retrieval.
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.SH "Sed Addresses"
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An address is not required, but if specified must be a number (that counts
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input lines
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cumulatively across input files), a dollar
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.RB ( $ )
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character that addresses the last line of input, or a context address
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(which consists of a regular expression preceded and followed by a
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delimiter).
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.PP
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A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.
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.PP
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A command line with one address selects all of the pattern spaces
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that match the address.
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.PP
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A command line with two addresses selects the inclusive range from
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the first pattern space that matches the first address through the next
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pattern space that matches the second.
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(If the second address is a number less than or equal to the line number
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first selected, only that line is selected.)
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Starting at the first line following the selected range,
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.BR sed
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starts looking again for the first address.
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.PP
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Editing commands can be applied to non-selected pattern spaces by use
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of the exclamation character
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.RB ( ! )
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function.
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.SH "Sed Regular Expressions"
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The
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.BR sed
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regular expressions are basic regular expressions (BRE's, see
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.BR regex (3)
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for more information).
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In addition,
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.BR sed
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has the following two additions to BRE's:
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.HP
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In a context address, any character other than a backslash
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.RB ( \\\\ )
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or newline character may be used to delimit the regular expression.
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Also, putting a backslash character before the delimiting character
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causes the character to be treated literally.
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For example, in the context address \\xabc\\xdefx, the RE delimiter
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is an
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.BR x
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and the second
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.BR x
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stands for itself, so that the regular expression is
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.BR abcxdef .
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.HP
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The escape sequence \\n matches a newline character embedded in the
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pattern space.
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You can't, however, use a literal newline character in an address or
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in the substitute command.
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.PP
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One special feature of
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.BR sed
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regular expressions is that they can default to the last regular
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expression used.
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If a regular expression is empty, i.e. just the delimiter characters
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are specified, the last regular expression encountered is used instead.
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The last regular expression is defined as the last regular expression
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used as part of an address or substitute command, and at run-time, not
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compile-time.
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For example, the command
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.BR /abc/s//XXX/
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will substitute
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.BR XXX
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for the pattern
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.BR abc .
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.SH "Sed Functions"
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In the following list of commands, the maximum number of permissible
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addresses for each command is indicated by [0addr], [1addr], or [2addr],
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representing zero, one, or two addresses.
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.PP
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The argument
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.IR text
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consists of one or more lines.
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To embed a newline in the text, precede it with a backslash.
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Other backslashes in text are deleted and the following character
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taken literally.
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.PP
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The
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.BR r
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and
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.BR w
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functions take an optional file parameter, which should be separated
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from the function letter by white space.
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Each file given as an argument to
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.BR sed
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is created (or its contents truncated) before any input processing begins.
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.PP
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The
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.BR b ,
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.BR r ,
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.BR s ,
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.BR t ,
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.BR w ,
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.BR y ,
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.BR ! ,
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and
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.BR \&:
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functions all accept additional arguments.
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The following synopses indicate which arguments have to be separated from
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the function letters by white space characters.
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.PP
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Two of the functions take a function-list.
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This is a list of
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.BR sed
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functions separated by newlines, as follows:
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.IP
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.nf
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-literal -offset indent
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{ function
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function
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...
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function
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}
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.fi
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.PP
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The
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.BR {
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can be preceded by white space and can be followed by white space.
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The function can be preceded by white space.
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The terminating
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.BR }
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must be preceded by a newline or optional white space.
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.IP [2addr]\fIfunction-list\fR
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Execute function-list only when the pattern space is selected.
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.PP
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.RB [1addr] a\\\\
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.IP \fItext\fR
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Write
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.IR text
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to standard output immediately before each attempt to read a line of input,
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whether by executing the
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.BR N
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function or by beginning a new cycle.
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.IP "[2addr]\fBb\fR [label]\fR"
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Branch to the
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.BR \&:
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function with the specified label.
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If the label is not specified, branch to the end of the script.
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.PP
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.RB [2addr] c\\\\
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.IP \fItext\fR
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Delete the pattern space.
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With 0 or 1 address or at the end of a 2-address range,
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.IR text
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is written to the standard output.
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.IP [2addr]\fBd\fR
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Delete the pattern space and start the next cycle.
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.IP [2addr]\fBD\fR
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Delete the initial segment of the pattern space through the first
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newline character and start the next cycle.
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.IP [2addr]\fBg\fR
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Replace the contents of the pattern space with the contents of the
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hold space.
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.IP [2addr]\fBG\fR
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Append a newline character followed by the contents of the hold space
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to the pattern space.
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.IP [2addr]\fBh\fR
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Replace the contents of the hold space with the contents of the
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pattern space.
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.IP [2addr]\fBH\fR
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Append a newline character followed by the contents of the pattern space
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to the hold space.
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.PP
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.RB [1addr] i\\\\
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.IP \fItext\fR
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.br
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Write
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.IR text
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to the standard output.
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.IP [2addr]\fBl\fR
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(The letter ell.)
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Write the pattern space to the standard output in a visually unambiguous
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form.
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This form is as follows:
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.RS
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.nf
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\fIbackslash\fR\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\fB\\\&\\\fR
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\fIalert\fR\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\fB\\\&a\fR
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\fIform-feed\fR\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\fB\\\&f\fR
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\fInewline\fR\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\fB\\\&n\fR
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\fIcarriage-return\fR\0\fB\\\&r\fR
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\fItab\fR\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\fB\\\&t\fR
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\fIvertical\0tab\fR\0\0\0\0\fB\\\&v\fR
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.fi
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.RE
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.PP
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Nonprintable characters are written as three-digit octal numbers (with a
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preceding backslash) for each byte in the character (most significant byte
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first).
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Long lines are folded, with the point of folding indicated by displaying
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a backslash followed by a newline.
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The end of each line is marked with a
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.BR $ .
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.IP [2addr]\fBn\fR
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Write the pattern space to the standard output if the default output has
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not been suppressed, and replace the pattern space with the next line of
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input.
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.IP [2addr]\fBN\fR
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Append the next line of input to the pattern space, using an embedded
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newline character to separate the appended material from the original
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contents.
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Note that the current line number changes.
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.IP [2addr]\fBp\fR
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Write the pattern space to standard output.
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.IP [2addr]\fBP\fR
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Write the pattern space, up to the first newline character to the
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standard output.
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.IP [1addr]\fBq\fR
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Branch to the end of the script and quit without starting a new cycle.
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.IP "[1addr]\fBr\fR file"
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Copy the contents of
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.IR file
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to the standard output immediately before the next attempt to read a
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line of input.
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If
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.IR file
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cannot be read for any reason, it is silently ignored and no error
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condition is set.
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.IP "[2addr]\fBs/\fR regular expression\fB/\fRreplacement\fB/\fRflags"
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Substitute the replacement string for the first instance of the regular
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expression in the pattern space.
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Any character other than backslash or newline can be used instead of
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a slash to delimit the RE and the replacement.
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Within the RE and the replacement, the RE delimiter itself can be used as
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a literal character if it is preceded by a backslash.
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.HP
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An ampersand
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.RB ( & )
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appearing in the replacement is replaced by the string matching the RE.
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The special meaning of
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.BR &
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in this context can be suppressed by preceding it by a backslash.
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The string
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.BR \\\\# ,
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where
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.BR #
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is a digit, is replaced by the text matched
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by the corresponding backreference expression (see
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.BR re_format (7)).
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.HP
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A line can be split by substituting a newline character into it.
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To specify a newline character in the replacement string, precede it with
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a backslash.
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.HP
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The value of
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.IR flags
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in the substitute function is zero or more of the following:
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.RS
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.RP \fB0\fR...\fB9\fR
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Make the substitution only for the N'th occurrence of the regular
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expression in the pattern space.
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.RE
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.RP \fBg\fR
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Make the substitution for all non-overlapping matches of the
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regular expression, not just the first one.
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.RE
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.RP \fBp\fR
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Write the pattern space to standard output if a replacement was made.
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If the replacement string is identical to that which it replaces, it
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is still considered to have been a replacement.
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.RE
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.RP \fBw\fRfile
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Append the pattern space to
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.IR file
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if a replacement was made.
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If the replacement string is identical to that which it replaces, it
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is still considered to have been a replacement.
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.RE
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.IP "[2addr]\fBt\fR [label]"
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Branch to the
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.BR :
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function bearing the label if any substitutions have been made since the
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most recent reading of an input line or execution of a
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.BR t
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function.
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If no label is specified, branch to the end of the script.
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.IP "[2addr]\fBw\fR file"
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Append the pattern space to the
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.IR file .
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.IP [2addr]\fBx\fR
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Swap the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.
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.IP [2addr]\fBy/\fRstring1\fB/\fRstring2\fB/\fR
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Replace all occurrences of characters in
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.IR string1
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in the pattern space with the corresponding characters from
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.IR string2 .
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Any character other than a backslash or newline can be used instead of
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a slash to delimit the strings.
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Within
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.IR string1
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and
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.IR string2 ,
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a backslash followed by any character other than a newline is that literal
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character, and a backslash followed by an ``n'' is replaced by a newline
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character.
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.IP [2addr]\fB!\fRfunction
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.IP [2addr]\fB!\fRfunction-list
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Apply the function or function-list only to the lines that are
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.IR not
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selected by the address(es).
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.IP [0addr]\fB:\fRlabel
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This function does nothing; it bears a label to which the
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.BR b
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and
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.BR t
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commands may branch.
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.IP [1addr]\fB=\fR
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Write the line number to the standard output followed by a newline
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character.
|
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.IP [0addr]
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Empty lines are ignored.
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.IP [0addr]\fB#\fR
|
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The
|
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.BR #
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and the remainder of the line are ignored (treated as a comment), with
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the single exception that if the first two characters in the file are
|
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.BR #n ,
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the default output is suppressed.
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This is the same as specifying the
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.BR -n
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option on the command line.
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.PP
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The
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.BR sed
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utility exits 0 on success and >0 if an error occurs.
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.SH VERSION
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|
This manual page documents
|
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.BR sed
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version 2.0 for GNO/ME.
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.SH SEE ALSO
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|
.BR awk (1),
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.BR ed (1),
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.BR grep (1),
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.BR regex (3),
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.BR re_format (7)
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.SH ATTRIBUTIONS
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|
This command was ported from FreeBSD source code
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for distribution with GNO/ME 2.0.6.
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|
.SH HISTORY
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|
An implementation of
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.BR sed
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|
for the Apple IIGS
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was written in 1990 and distributed separately from GNO.
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|
.SH STANDARDS
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|
The
|
|
.BR sed
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|
function is expected to be a superset of the
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|
POSIX.2
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|
specification.
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