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2461 lines
54 KiB
HTML
2461 lines
54 KiB
HTML
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</TITLE>
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<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:none">
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<!-- INDEX BEGIN -->
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="#NAME">NAME</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#SYNTAX">SYNTAX</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#USAGE">USAGE</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#COMMON_OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#COMMANDS">COMMANDS</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#LIBC_NSS">LIBC NSS</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</A>
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<LI><A HREF="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</A>
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</UL>
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<!-- INDEX END -->
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<HR>
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="NAME">NAME</A></H1>
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<P>
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BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
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<P>
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<HR>
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<H1><A NAME="SYNTAX">SYNTAX</A></H1>
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<P>
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<PRE> BusyBox <function> [arguments...] # or
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</PRE>
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<P>
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<PRE> <function> [arguments...] # if symlinked
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</PRE>
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<P>
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<HR>
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<H1><A NAME="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A></H1>
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<P>
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BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
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small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
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utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
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grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
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for any small or emdedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
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fewer options then their full featured GNU cousins; however, the options
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that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
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like their GNU counterparts.
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<P>
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BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
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mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
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commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
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your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
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shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
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<P>
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<HR>
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<H1><A NAME="USAGE">USAGE</A></H1>
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<P>
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When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
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BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
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has been invoked.
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<P>
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For example, entering
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<P>
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<PRE> ln -s ./BusyBox ls
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./ls
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</PRE>
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<P>
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will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
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into BusyBox).
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<P>
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You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
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command line. For example, entering
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<P>
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<PRE> ./BusyBox ls
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</PRE>
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<P>
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will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
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<P>
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<HR>
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<H1><A NAME="COMMON_OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</A></H1>
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<P>
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Most BusyBox commands support the <STRONG>--help</STRONG> option to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior.
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<P>
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<HR>
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<H1><A NAME="COMMANDS">COMMANDS</A></H1>
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<P>
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Currently defined functions include:
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<P>
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basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, chvt, cp, cut, date, dd,
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df, dirname, dmesg, du, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free,
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freeramdisk, deallocvt, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hostid,
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hostname, id, init, kill, killall, length, ln, loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap,
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logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, math, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix,
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mknod, mkswap, mktemp, nc, more, mount, mt, mv, nslookup, ping, poweroff,
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printf, ps, pwd, reboot, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sfdisk,
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sleep, sort, sync, syslogd, swapon, swapoff, tail, tar, test, tee, touch,
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tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update, uptime, usleep, wc, whoami,
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yes, zcat, [
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DL>
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_basename">basename</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
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<P>
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Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
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any trailing SUFFIX.
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<P>
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Example:
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<P>
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<PRE> $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
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foo
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$ basename /usr/local/bin/
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bin
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$ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
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bar
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</PRE>
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cat">cat</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Usage: cat [FILE ...]
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<P>
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Concatenates <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> and prints them to the standard output.
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<P>
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Example:
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<P>
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<PRE> $ cat /proc/uptime
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110716.72 17.67
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</PRE>
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chgrp">chgrp</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
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<P>
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Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
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<P>
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Options:
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<P>
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<PRE> -R change files and directories recursively
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Example:
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<P>
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<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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$ chgrp root /tmp/foo
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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</PRE>
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chmod">chmod</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Usage: chmod [<STRONG>-R</STRONG>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
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<P>
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Changes file access permissions for the specified <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> (or
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directories). Each MODE is defined by combining the letters for WHO has
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access to the file, an OPERATOR for selecting how the permissions should be
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changed, and a PERISSION for <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> (or directories).
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<P>
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WHO may be chosen from
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<P>
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<PRE> u User who owns the file
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g Users in the file's Group
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o Other users not in the file's group
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a All users
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</PRE>
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<P>
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OPERATOR may be chosen from
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<P>
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<PRE> + Add a permission
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- Remove a permission
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= Assign a permission
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PERMISSION may be chosen from
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</PRE>
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<P>
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<PRE> r Read
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w Write
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x Execute (or access for directories)
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s Set user (or group) ID bit
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t Stickey bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
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numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
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<P>
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<PRE> 4 Read
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2 Write
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1 Execute
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</PRE>
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<P>
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An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
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<P>
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<PRE> 4 Set user ID
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2 Set group ID
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1 Stickey bit
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Options:
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<P>
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<PRE> -R Change files and directories recursively.
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Example:
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</PRE>
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<P>
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<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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$ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
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$ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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</PRE>
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chown">chown</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE...
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<P>
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Changes the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
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<P>
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Options:
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<P>
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<PRE> -R Changes files and directories recursively
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Example:
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<P>
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<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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$ chown root /tmp/foo
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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$ chown root.root /tmp/foo
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ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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</PRE>
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chroot">chroot</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
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<P>
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Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Example:
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<P>
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<PRE> $ ls -l /bin/ls
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lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
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$ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
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$ chroot /mnt
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$ ls -l /bin/ls
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls*
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</PRE>
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_clear">clear</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Clears the screen.
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chvt">chvt</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Usage: chvt N
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<P>
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Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cp">cp</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
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<P>
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<PRE> or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <CODE>SOURCE(s)</CODE> to DIRECTORY.
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<P>
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Options:
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<P>
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<PRE> -a Same as -dpR
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-d Preserves links
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-p Preserves file attributes if possable
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-R Copies directories recursively
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</PRE>
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cut">cut</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
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<P>
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Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
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<P>
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Options:
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<P>
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<PRE> -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
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-c LIST Output only characters from LIST
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-d DELIM Use DELIM instead of tab as the field delimiter
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-f N Print only these fields
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-n Ignored
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Example:
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<P>
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<PRE> $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
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Hello
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$ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
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world
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</PRE>
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_date">date</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
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<P>
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<PRE> or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system date.
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<P>
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Options:
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<P>
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<PRE> -R Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string
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-s Sets time described by STRING
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-u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time
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</PRE>
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<P>
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Example:
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<P>
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<PRE> $ date
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Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
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</PRE>
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<P>
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-------------------------------
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dd">dd</A></STRONG><DD>
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<P>
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||
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Usage: dd [if=name] [of=name] [bs=n] [count=n] [skip=n] [seek=n]
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<P>
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Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options
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<P>
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<PRE> if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
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of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
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bs=n read and write n bytes at a time
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count=n copy only n input blocks
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skip=n skip n input blocks
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seek=n skip n output blocks
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</PRE>
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||
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<P>
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||
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Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512), or M (x1024^2)
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|
Example:
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|
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<P>
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||
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<PRE> $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
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4+0 records in
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4+0 records out
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||
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</PRE>
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||
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<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
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|
||
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_df">df</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
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<P>
|
||
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Usage: df [filesystem ...]
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||
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|
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<P>
|
||
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Prints the filesystem space used and space available.
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||
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||
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<P>
|
||
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Example:
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<P>
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||
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<PRE> $ df
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Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
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/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
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/dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot
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$ df /dev/sda3
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Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
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/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
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</PRE>
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<P>
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||
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-------------------------------
|
||
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|
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<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dirname">dirname</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
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<P>
|
||
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Usage: dirname NAME
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||
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|
||
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<P>
|
||
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Strip non-directory suffix from file name
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||
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|
||
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<P>
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||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ dirname /tmp/foo
|
||
|
/tmp
|
||
|
$ dirname /tmp/foo/
|
||
|
/tmp
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dmesg">dmesg</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: dmesg [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-n</STRONG> level] [<STRONG>-s</STRONG> bufsize] Print or controls the kernel ring buffer.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_du">du</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory. Disk space is
|
||
|
printed in units of 1k (i.e. 1024 bytes).
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -l count sizes many times if hard linked
|
||
|
-s display only a total for each argument
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ ./BusyBox du
|
||
|
16 ./CVS
|
||
|
12 ./kernel-patches/CVS
|
||
|
80 ./kernel-patches
|
||
|
12 ./tests/CVS
|
||
|
36 ./tests
|
||
|
12 ./scripts/CVS
|
||
|
16 ./scripts
|
||
|
12 ./docs/CVS
|
||
|
104 ./docs
|
||
|
2417 .
|
||
|
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dutmp">dutmp</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: dutmp [FILE]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or stdin to stdout.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
|
||
|
8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
|
||
|
2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
|
||
|
1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
|
||
|
8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
|
||
|
6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
|
||
|
6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
|
||
|
7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
|
||
|
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_echo">echo</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Prints the specified ARGs to stdout
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -n suppress trailing newline
|
||
|
-e interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e. \t=tab etc)
|
||
|
-E disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ echo "Erik is cool"
|
||
|
Erik is cool
|
||
|
$ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
|
||
|
Erik
|
||
|
is
|
||
|
cool
|
||
|
$ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
|
||
|
Erik\nis\ncool
|
||
|
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_false">false</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Returns an exit code of FALSE (1)
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ false
|
||
|
$ echo $?
|
||
|
1
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fbset">fbset</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: fbset [options] [mode]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Show and modify frame buffer device settings
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -h
|
||
|
-fb
|
||
|
-db
|
||
|
-a
|
||
|
-i
|
||
|
-g
|
||
|
-t
|
||
|
-accel
|
||
|
-hsync
|
||
|
-vsync
|
||
|
-laced
|
||
|
-double
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ fbset
|
||
|
mode "1024x768-76"
|
||
|
# D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
|
||
|
geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
|
||
|
timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
|
||
|
accel false
|
||
|
rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
|
||
|
endmode
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fdflush">fdflush</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: fdflush device
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_find">find</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current
|
||
|
directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
EXPRESSION may consist of:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -follow Dereference symbolic links.
|
||
|
-name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
|
||
|
-print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ find / -name /etc/passwd
|
||
|
/etc/passwd
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_free">free</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: free
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ free
|
||
|
total used free shared buffers
|
||
|
Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
|
||
|
Swap: 128516 8404 120112
|
||
|
Total: 386144 257128 129016
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_freeramdisk">freeramdisk</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_deallocvt">deallocvt</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: deallocvt N
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Deallocates unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fsck">fsck.minix</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: fsck.minix [<STRONG>-larvsmf</STRONG>] /dev/name
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
OPTIONS:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -l Lists all filenames
|
||
|
-r Perform interactive repairs
|
||
|
-a Perform automatic repairs
|
||
|
-v verbose
|
||
|
-s Outputs super-block information
|
||
|
-m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
|
||
|
-f Force file system check.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_grep">grep</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
OPTIONS:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -h suppress the prefixing filename on output
|
||
|
-i ignore case distinctions
|
||
|
-n print line number with output lines
|
||
|
-q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
|
||
|
-v select non-matching lines
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
This version of grep matches full regular expresions.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ grep root /etc/passwd
|
||
|
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
||
|
$ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
|
||
|
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_gunzip">gunzip</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -c Write output to standard output
|
||
|
-t Test compressed file integrity
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
|
||
|
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
|
||
|
$ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
|
||
|
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
|
||
|
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_gzip">gzip</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard
|
||
|
input. Implies <STRONG>-c</STRONG>.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
|
||
|
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
|
||
|
$ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
|
||
|
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
|
||
|
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_halt">halt</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: halt
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
This comand halts the system.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_head">head</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
|
||
|
FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
|
||
|
when FILE is -, read standard input.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
|
||
|
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
||
|
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_hostid">hostid</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: hostid
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit
|
||
|
identifier is intended to be unique among all UNIX systems in existence.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_hostname">hostname</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | <STRONG>-F</STRONG> file}
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a
|
||
|
file with the <STRONG>-F</STRONG> parameter), the host name will be set.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -s Short
|
||
|
-i Addresses for the hostname
|
||
|
-d DNS domain name
|
||
|
-F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ hostname
|
||
|
slag
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_id">id</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Print information for USERNAME or the current user
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -g prints only the group ID
|
||
|
-u prints only the user ID
|
||
|
-r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ id
|
||
|
uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_init">init</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: init
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Init is the parent of all processes.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the
|
||
|
/etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
|
||
|
runlevels, use sysvinit.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it
|
||
|
has the following default behavior:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
|
||
|
::askfirst:/bin/sh
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also
|
||
|
run:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as
|
||
|
follows:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> <id>:
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
|
||
|
The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
|
||
|
the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
|
||
|
appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
|
||
|
be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
|
||
|
field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if
|
||
|
BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries
|
||
|
containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does
|
||
|
nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> <runlevels>:
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> The runlevels field is completely ignored.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> <action>:
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
|
||
|
once, and ctrlaltdel.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified
|
||
|
process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this
|
||
|
console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting
|
||
|
the specified process.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> Unrecognised actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit
|
||
|
an error message, and then go along with its business.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> <process>:
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example /etc/inittab file:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
|
||
|
#
|
||
|
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
|
||
|
#
|
||
|
# Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
|
||
|
::askfirst:/bin/sh
|
||
|
# Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
|
||
|
tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
|
||
|
#
|
||
|
tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
|
||
|
tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
|
||
|
#
|
||
|
#ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
|
||
|
#ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
|
||
|
#
|
||
|
# Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
|
||
|
#ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> # Stuff to do before rebooting
|
||
|
::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||
|
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_kill">kill</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: kill [<STRONG>-signal</STRONG>] process-id [process-id ...]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
|
||
|
<CODE>process(es).</CODE>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -l List all signal names and numbers.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ ps | grep apache
|
||
|
252 root root S [apache]
|
||
|
263 www-data www-data S [apache]
|
||
|
264 www-data www-data S [apache]
|
||
|
265 www-data www-data S [apache]
|
||
|
266 www-data www-data S [apache]
|
||
|
267 www-data www-data S [apache]
|
||
|
$ kill 252
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_killall">killall</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: killall [<STRONG>-signal</STRONG>] process-name [process-name ...]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
|
||
|
<CODE>process(es).</CODE>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -l List all signal names and numbers.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ killall apache
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_length">length</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: length STRING
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Prints out the length of the specified STRING.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ length "Hello"
|
||
|
5
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ln">ln</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -s make symbolic links instead of hard links
|
||
|
-f remove existing destination files
|
||
|
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
|
||
|
$ ls -l /tmp/ls
|
||
|
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadacm">loadacm</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: loadacm
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Loads an acm from standard input.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadfont">loadfont</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: loadfont
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Loads a console font from standard input.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadkmap">loadkmap</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: loadkmap
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_logger">logger</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -s Log to stderr as well as the system log.
|
||
|
-t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
|
||
|
-p Enter the message with the specified priority.
|
||
|
This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ logger "hello"
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_logname">logname</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: logname
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Print the name of the current user.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ logname
|
||
|
root
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ls">ls</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: ls [<STRONG>-1acdelnpuxACF</STRONG>] [filenames...]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -a do not hide entries starting with .
|
||
|
-c with -l: show ctime (the time of last
|
||
|
modification of file status information)
|
||
|
-d list directory entries instead of contents
|
||
|
-e list both full date and full time
|
||
|
-l use a long listing format
|
||
|
-n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
|
||
|
-p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
|
||
|
-u with -l: show access time (the time of last
|
||
|
access of the file)
|
||
|
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
|
||
|
-A do not list implied . and ..
|
||
|
-C list entries by columns
|
||
|
-F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_lsmod">lsmod</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: lsmod
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_makedevs">makedevs</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Creates a range of block or character special files
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
TYPEs include:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> b: Make a block (buffered) device.
|
||
|
c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
|
||
|
p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device.
|
||
|
LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's'
|
||
|
is the last argument, the base device is created as well.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
|
||
|
[creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
|
||
|
$ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
|
||
|
[creates hda,hda1-hda8]
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_math">math</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: math expression ...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following operations: +,
|
||
|
-, /, *, and, or, not, eor.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ math 2 2 add
|
||
|
4
|
||
|
$ math 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
|
||
|
16
|
||
|
$ math 0 1 and
|
||
|
0
|
||
|
$ math 0 1 or
|
||
|
1
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkdir">mkdir</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Create the <CODE>DIRECTORY(ies),</CODE> if they do not already exist
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
|
||
|
-p no error if dir exists, make parent directories as needed
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ mkdir /tmp/foo
|
||
|
$ mkdir /tmp/foo
|
||
|
/tmp/foo: File exists
|
||
|
$ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
|
||
|
/tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
|
||
|
$ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkfifo">mkfifo</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkfs">mkfs.minix</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: mkfs.minix [<STRONG>-c</STRONG> | <STRONG>-l</STRONG> filename] [<STRONG>-nXX</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-iXX</STRONG>] /dev/name [blocks]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Make a MINIX filesystem.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
OPTIONS:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -c Check the device for bad blocks
|
||
|
-n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames
|
||
|
-i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
|
||
|
-l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
|
||
|
-v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mknod">mknod</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character
|
||
|
(un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for
|
||
|
named pipes.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
|
||
|
$ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkswap">mkswap</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: mkswap [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-v0</STRONG>|<STRONG>-v1</STRONG>] device [block-count]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -c Check for read-ability.
|
||
|
-v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
|
||
|
-v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117).
|
||
|
block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mktemp">mktemp</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: mktemp [<STRONG>-q</STRONG>] TEMPLATE
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any
|
||
|
name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
|
||
|
/tmp/temp.mWiLjM
|
||
|
$ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
|
||
|
-rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nc">nc</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: nc [IP] [port]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
|
||
|
220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
|
||
|
help
|
||
|
214-Commands supported:
|
||
|
214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
|
||
|
214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
|
||
|
quit
|
||
|
221 foobar closing connection
|
||
|
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_more">more</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: more [file ...]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ dmesg | more
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mount">mount</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [<STRONG>-o</STRONG> options,more-options]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Flags:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -a: Mount all file systems in fstab.
|
||
|
-o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below.
|
||
|
-r: Mount the filesystem read-only.
|
||
|
-t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type.
|
||
|
-w: Mount for reading and writing (default).
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options for use with the ``<STRONG>-o</STRONG>'' flag:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
|
||
|
atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
|
||
|
dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
|
||
|
exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
|
||
|
loop: Mounts a file via loop device.
|
||
|
suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
|
||
|
remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
|
||
|
ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write.
|
||
|
There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
|
||
|
You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ mount
|
||
|
/dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
|
||
|
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
|
||
|
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
|
||
|
$ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
|
||
|
$ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mt">mt</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: mt [<STRONG>-f</STRONG> device] opcode value
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Control magnetic tape drive operation
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mv">mv</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move <CODE>SOURCE(s)</CODE> to DIRECTORY.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nslookup">nslookup</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: nslookup [HOST]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ nslookup localhost
|
||
|
Server: default
|
||
|
Address: default
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> Name: debian
|
||
|
Address: 127.0.0.1
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ping">ping</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: ping [OPTION]... host
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
|
||
|
-q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
|
||
|
and when finished.
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ ping localhost
|
||
|
PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
|
||
|
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> --- debian ping statistics ---
|
||
|
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
|
||
|
round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_poweroff">poweroff</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon
|
||
|
halting.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_printf">printf</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: printf format [argument...]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf
|
||
|
command.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
|
||
|
Val=5
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ps">ps</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: ps
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Report process status
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
This version of ps accepts no options.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ ps
|
||
|
PID Uid Gid State Command
|
||
|
1 root root S init
|
||
|
2 root root S [kflushd]
|
||
|
3 root root S [kupdate]
|
||
|
4 root root S [kpiod]
|
||
|
5 root root S [kswapd]
|
||
|
742 andersen andersen S [bash]
|
||
|
743 andersen andersen S -bash
|
||
|
745 root root S [getty]
|
||
|
2990 andersen andersen R ps
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_pwd">pwd</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Prints the full filename of the current working directory.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ pwd
|
||
|
/root
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_reboot">reboot</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Instructs the kernel to reboot the system.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rm">rm</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Remove (unlink) the <CODE>FILE(s).</CODE>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -f remove existing destinations, never prompt
|
||
|
-r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rmdir">rmdir</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Remove the <CODE>DIRECTORY(ies),</CODE> if they are empty.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> # rmdir /tmp/foo
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rmmod">rmmod</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -a Try to remove all unused kernel modules.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ rmmod tulip
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sed">sed</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: sed [<STRONG>-n</STRONG>] <STRONG>-e</STRONG> script [file...]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> 'ADDR [!] COMMAND'
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> where address ADDR can be:
|
||
|
NUMBER Match specified line number
|
||
|
$ Match last line
|
||
|
/REGEXP/ Match specified regexp
|
||
|
(! inverts the meaning of the match)
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> and COMMAND can be:
|
||
|
s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
|
||
|
which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
|
||
|
and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> aTEXT
|
||
|
which appends TEXT after the pattern space
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -e add the script to the commands to be executed
|
||
|
-n suppress automatic printing of pattern space
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
This version of sed matches full regular expresions.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
|
||
|
bar
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_setkeycodes">setkeycodes</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual
|
||
|
keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in
|
||
|
decimal
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> # setkeycodes e030 127
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sh">sh</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: sh
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
This command does not yet have proper documentation.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
|
||
|
redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh),
|
||
|
and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not
|
||
|
(yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like
|
||
|
``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a
|
||
|
very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sfdisk">sfdisk</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: sfdisk [options] device ...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
useful options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition
|
||
|
-c [or --id]: print or change partition Id
|
||
|
-l [or --list]: list partitions of each device
|
||
|
-d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input
|
||
|
-i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
|
||
|
-uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB
|
||
|
-T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types
|
||
|
-D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space
|
||
|
-R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table
|
||
|
-N# : change only the partition with number #
|
||
|
-n : do not actually write to disk
|
||
|
-O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file
|
||
|
-I file : restore these sectors again
|
||
|
-v [or --version]: print version
|
||
|
-? [or --help]: print this message
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
dangerous options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry
|
||
|
-x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> or expect descriptors for them on input
|
||
|
-L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux
|
||
|
-q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages
|
||
|
You can override the detected geometry using:
|
||
|
-C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use
|
||
|
-H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use
|
||
|
-S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
You can disable all consistency checking with:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sleep">sleep</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: sleep N
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Pause for N seconds.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ sleep 2
|
||
|
[2 second delay results]
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sort">sort</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: sort [<STRONG>-n</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-r</STRONG>] [FILE]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Sorts lines of text in the specified files
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
|
||
|
a
|
||
|
b
|
||
|
c
|
||
|
d
|
||
|
e
|
||
|
f
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sync">sync</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: sync
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_syslogd">syslogd</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this
|
||
|
version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -m Change the mark timestamp interval. default=20min. 0=off
|
||
|
-n Do not fork into the background (for when run by init)
|
||
|
-K Do not start up the klogd process (by default syslogd spawns klogd).
|
||
|
-O Specify an alternate log file. default=/var/log/messages
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_swapon">swapon</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -a Start swapping on all swap devices
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_swapoff">swapoff</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -a Stop swapping on all swap devices
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tail">tail</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
|
||
|
FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
|
||
|
when FILE is -, read standard input.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10
|
||
|
-f Output data as the file grows. This version
|
||
|
of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
|
||
|
nameserver 10.0.0.1
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tar">tar</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [<STRONG>--exclude</STRONG> File] [<STRONG>-f</STRONG> tarFile] [FILE] ...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that this version of
|
||
|
tar treats hard links as separate files.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Main operation mode:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> c create
|
||
|
x extract
|
||
|
t list
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
File selection:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin
|
||
|
O extract to stdout
|
||
|
--exclude file to exclude
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Informative output:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> v verbosely list files processed
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
|
||
|
$ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_test">test, [</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by
|
||
|
the value of EXPRESSION.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ test 1 -eq 2
|
||
|
$ echo $?
|
||
|
1
|
||
|
$ test 1 -eq 1
|
||
|
$ echo $?
|
||
|
0
|
||
|
$ [ -d /etc ]
|
||
|
$ echo $?
|
||
|
0
|
||
|
$ [ -d /junk ]
|
||
|
$ echo $?
|
||
|
1
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tee">tee</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
|
||
|
$ cat /tmp/foo
|
||
|
Hello
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_touch">touch</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: touch [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] file [file ...]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s].
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
|
||
|
/bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
|
||
|
$ touch /tmp/foo
|
||
|
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
|
||
|
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tr">tr</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing
|
||
|
to standard output.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -c take complement of STRING1
|
||
|
-d delete input characters coded STRING1
|
||
|
-s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
|
||
|
hello world
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_true">true</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Returns an exit code of TRUE (0)
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ true
|
||
|
$ echo $?
|
||
|
0
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tty">tty</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: tty
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -s print nothing, only return an exit status
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ tty
|
||
|
/dev/tty2
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_umount">umount</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Flags:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -a: Unmount all file systems
|
||
|
-r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
|
||
|
-f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
|
||
|
-l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ umount /dev/hdc1
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uname">uname</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: uname [OPTION]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as <STRONG>-s</STRONG>.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -a print all information
|
||
|
-m the machine (hardware) type
|
||
|
-n print the machine's network node hostname
|
||
|
-r print the operating system release
|
||
|
-s print the operating system name
|
||
|
-p print the host processor type
|
||
|
-v print the operating system version
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ uname -a
|
||
|
Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uniq">uniq</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard
|
||
|
input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
|
||
|
a
|
||
|
b
|
||
|
c
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_update">update</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: update [options]
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Periodically flushes filesystem buffers.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
|
||
|
-s SECS call sync this often (default 30)
|
||
|
-f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5)
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uptime">uptime</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: uptime
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Tells how long the system has been running since boot.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ uptime
|
||
|
1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_usleep">usleep</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: usleep N
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Pauses for N microseconds.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ usleep 1000000
|
||
|
[pauses for 1 second]
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_wc">wc</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more
|
||
|
than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Options:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> -c print the byte counts
|
||
|
-l print the newline counts
|
||
|
-L print the length of the longest line
|
||
|
-w print the word counts
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ wc /etc/passwd
|
||
|
31 46 1365 /etc/passwd
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_whoami">whoami</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: whoami
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Example:
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<PRE> $ whoami
|
||
|
andersen
|
||
|
</PRE>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_yes">yes</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified <CODE>STRING(s),</CODE> or
|
||
|
`y'.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_zcat">zcat</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
This is essentially an alias for invoking ``gunzip <STRONG>-c</STRONG>'', where it decompresses the file inquestion and send the output to
|
||
|
stdout.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
-------------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
</DL>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<HR>
|
||
|
<H1><A NAME="LIBC_NSS">LIBC NSS</A></H1>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of
|
||
|
the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
|
||
|
system data, such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it
|
||
|
Policy that it will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that
|
||
|
make use of NSS. This allows you to run an embedded system without the need
|
||
|
for installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_*
|
||
|
libraries installed.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
|
||
|
authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will
|
||
|
need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have
|
||
|
enough space to install of that stuff on your system, then you probably
|
||
|
want the full GNU utilities.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<HR>
|
||
|
<H1><A NAME="SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A></H1>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<CODE>textutils(1),</CODE> <CODE>shellutils(1),</CODE> etc...
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<HR>
|
||
|
<H1><A NAME="MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</A></H1>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Erik Andersen <<A
|
||
|
HREF="mailto:andersee@debian.org">andersee@debian.org</A>> <<A
|
||
|
HREF="mailto:andersen@lineo.com">andersen@lineo.com</A>>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
<HR>
|
||
|
<H1><A NAME="AUTHORS">AUTHORS</A></H1>
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it
|
||
|
or not.
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
Erik Andersen <<A
|
||
|
HREF="mailto:andersee@debian.org">andersee@debian.org</A>>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<P>
|
||
|
John Beppu <<A HREF="mailto:beppu@lineo.com">beppu@lineo.com</A>>
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<br>
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<P>
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Brian Candler <<A
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HREF="mailto:B.Candler@pobox.com">B.Candler@pobox.com</A>>
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<br>
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<P>
|
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Randolph Chung <<A
|
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HREF="mailto:tausq@debian.org">tausq@debian.org</A>>
|
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<br>
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<P>
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Dave Cinege <<A
|
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HREF="mailto:dcinege@psychosis.com">dcinege@psychosis.com</A>>
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<br>
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<P>
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Karl M. Hegbloom <<A
|
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HREF="mailto:karlheg@debian.org">karlheg@debian.org</A>>
|
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|
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<br>
|
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<P>
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John Lombardo <<A
|
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HREF="mailto:john@deltanet.com">john@deltanet.com</A>>
|
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<br>
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<P>
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Bruce Perens <<A HREF="mailto:bruce@perens.com">bruce@perens.com</A>>
|
||
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<br>
|
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<P>
|
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Linus Torvalds <<A
|
||
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HREF="mailto:torvalds@transmeta.com">torvalds@transmeta.com</A>>
|
||
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<br>
|
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<P>
|
||
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Charles P. Wright <<A
|
||
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HREF="mailto:cpwright@villagenet.com">cpwright@villagenet.com</A>>
|
||
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|
||
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<br>
|
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<P>
|
||
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Enrique Zanardi <<A
|
||
|
HREF="mailto:ezanardi@ull.es">ezanardi@ull.es</A>>
|
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