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Localization
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< / th > < td width = "20%" align = "right" > < a accesskey = "n" href = "containers.html" > Next< / a > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < hr / > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h2 class = "title" style = "clear: both" > < a id = "std.localization.facet" > < / a > Facets< / h2 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h3 class = "title" > < a id = "std.localization.facet.ctype" > < / a > ctype< / h3 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.ctype.impl" > < / a > Implementation< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h5 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.ctype.impl.spec" > < / a > Specializations< / h5 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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For the required specialization < code class = "classname" > codecvt< wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> < / code > ,
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conversions are made between the internal character set (always UCS4
on GNU/Linux) and whatever the currently selected locale for the
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< code class = "code" > LC_CTYPE< / code > category implements.
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< / p > < p >
The two required specializations are implemented as follows:
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
ctype< char>
< / code >
< / p > < p >
This is simple specialization. Implementing this was a piece of cake.
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
ctype< wchar_t>
< / code >
< / p > < p >
This specialization, by specifying all the template parameters, pretty
much ties the hands of implementors. As such, the implementation is
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straightforward, involving < code class = "function" > mcsrtombs< / code > for the
conversions between < span class = "type" > char< / span > to < span class = "type" > wchar_t< / span > and
< code class = "function" > wcsrtombs< / code > for conversions between < span class = "type" > wchar_t< / span >
and < span class = "type" > char< / span > .
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< / p > < p >
Neither of these two required specializations deals with Unicode
characters.
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< / p > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.ctype.future" > < / a > Future< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "itemizedlist" > < ul class = "itemizedlist" style = "list-style-type: disc; " > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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How to deal with the global locale issue?
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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How to deal with types other than < span class = "type" > char< / span > , < span class = "type" > wchar_t< / span > ?
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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Overlap between codecvt/ctype: narrow/widen
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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< span class = "type" > mask< / span > typedef in < code class = "classname" > codecvt_base< / code > ,
argument types in < span class = "type" > codecvt< / span > . what is know about this type?
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< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Why mask* argument in codecvt?
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Can this be made (more) generic? is there a simple way to
straighten out the configure-time mess that is a by-product of
this class?
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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Get the < span class = "type" > ctype< wchar_t> ::mask< / span > stuff under control.
Need to make some kind of static table, and not do lookup every time
somebody hits the < code class = "code" > do_is...< / code > functions. Too bad we can't
just redefine < span class = "type" > mask< / span > for
< code class = "classname" > ctype< wchar_t> < / code >
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< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Rename abstract base class. See if just smash-overriding is a
better approach. Clarify, add sanity to naming.
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< / p > < / li > < / ul > < / div > < / div > < div class = "bibliography" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.ctype.biblio" > < / a > Bibliography< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.2.4.2" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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The GNU C Library
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Roland< / span > < span class = "surname" > McGrath< / span > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Ulrich< / span > < span class = "surname" > Drepper< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2007 FSF. < / span > < span class = "pagenums" > Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.2.4.3" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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Correspondence
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Ulrich< / span > < span class = "surname" > Drepper< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2002 . < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.2.4.4" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 1998 ISO. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.2.4.5" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 1999 ISO. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.2.4.6" > < / a > < p > < span class = "title" > < em >
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< a class = "link" href = "http://www.unix.org/version3/ieee_std.html" target = "_top" >
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The Open Group Base Specifications, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2004)
< / a >
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 1999
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The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.2.4.7" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Bjarne< / span > < span class = "surname" > Stroustrup< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. < / span > < span class = "pagenums" > Appendix D. < / span > < span class = "publisher" > < span class = "publishername" >
Addison Wesley
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. < / span > < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.2.4.8" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "subtitle" >
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
. < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Angelika< / span > < span class = "surname" > Langer< / span > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Klaus< / span > < span class = "surname" > Kreft< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. < / span > < span class = "publisher" > < span class = "publishername" >
Addison Wesley Longman
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. < / span > < / span > < / p > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h3 class = "title" > < a id = "std.localization.facet.codecvt" > < / a > codecvt< / h3 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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The standard class codecvt attempts to address conversions between
different character encoding schemes. In particular, the standard
attempts to detail conversions between the implementation-defined wide
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characters (hereafter referred to as < span class = "type" > wchar_t< / span > ) and the standard
type < span class = "type" > char< / span > that is so beloved in classic < span class = "quote" > “< span class = "quote" > C< / span > ”< / span >
(which can now be referred to as narrow characters.) This document attempts
to describe how the GNU libstdc++ implementation deals with the conversion
between wide and narrow characters, and also presents a framework for dealing
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with the huge number of other encodings that iconv can convert,
including Unicode and UTF8. Design issues and requirements are
addressed, and examples of correct usage for both the required
specializations for wide and narrow characters and the
implementation-provided extended functionality are given.
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< / p > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.codecvt.req" > < / a > Requirements< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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Around page 425 of the C++ Standard, this charming heading comes into view:
< / p > < div class = "blockquote" > < blockquote class = "blockquote" > < p >
22.2.1.5 - Template class codecvt
< / p > < / blockquote > < / div > < p >
The text around the codecvt definition gives some clues:
< / p > < div class = "blockquote" > < blockquote class = "blockquote" > < p >
< span class = "emphasis" > < em >
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-1- The class < code class = "code" > codecvt< internT,externT,stateT> < / code > is for use
when converting from one codeset to another, such as from wide characters
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to multibyte characters, between wide character encodings such as
Unicode and EUC.
< / em > < / span >
< / p > < / blockquote > < / div > < p >
Hmm. So, in some unspecified way, Unicode encodings and
translations between other character sets should be handled by this
class.
< / p > < div class = "blockquote" > < blockquote class = "blockquote" > < p >
< span class = "emphasis" > < em >
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-2- The < span class = "type" > stateT< / span > argument selects the pair of codesets being mapped between.
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< / em > < / span >
< / p > < / blockquote > < / div > < p >
Ah ha! Another clue...
< / p > < div class = "blockquote" > < blockquote class = "blockquote" > < p >
< span class = "emphasis" > < em >
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-3- The instantiations required in the Table 51 (lib.locale.category), namely
< code class = "classname" > codecvt< wchar_t,char,mbstate_t> < / code > and
< code class = "classname" > codecvt< char,char,mbstate_t> < / code > , convert the
implementation-defined native character set.
< code class = "classname" > codecvt< char,char,mbstate_t> < / code > implements a
degenerate conversion; it does not convert at all.
< code class = "classname" > codecvt< wchar_t,char,mbstate_t> < / code > converts between
the native character sets for tiny and wide characters. Instantiations on
< span class = "type" > mbstate_t< / span > perform conversion between encodings known to the library
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implementor. Other encodings can be converted by specializing on a
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user-defined < span class = "type" > stateT< / span > type. The < span class = "type" > stateT< / span > object can
contain any state that is useful to communicate to or from the specialized
< code class = "function" > do_convert< / code > member.
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< / em > < / span >
< / p > < / blockquote > < / div > < p >
At this point, a couple points become clear:
< / p > < p >
One: The standard clearly implies that attempts to add non-required
(yet useful and widely used) conversions need to do so through the
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third template parameter, < span class = "type" > stateT< / span > .< / p > < p >
Two: The required conversions, by specifying < span class = "type" > mbstate_t< / span > as the
third template parameter, imply an implementation strategy that is mostly
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(or wholly) based on the underlying C library, and the functions
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< code class = "function" > mcsrtombs< / code > and < code class = "function" > wcsrtombs< / code > in
particular.< / p > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.codecvt.design" > < / a > Design< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h5 class = "title" > < a id = "codecvt.design.wchar_t_size" > < / a > < span class = "type" > wchar_t< / span > Size< / h5 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
The simple implementation detail of < span class = "type" > wchar_t< / span > 's size seems to
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repeatedly confound people. Many systems use a two byte,
unsigned integral type to represent wide characters, and use an
internal encoding of Unicode or UCS2. (See AIX, Microsoft NT,
Java, others.) Other systems, use a four byte, unsigned integral
type to represent wide characters, and use an internal encoding
of UCS4. (GNU/Linux systems using glibc, in particular.) The C
programming language (and thus C++) does not specify a specific
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size for the type < span class = "type" > wchar_t< / span > .
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< / p > < p >
Thus, portable C++ code cannot assume a byte size (or endianness) either.
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< / p > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h5 class = "title" > < a id = "codecvt.design.unicode" > < / a > Support for Unicode< / h5 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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Probably the most frequently asked question about code conversion
is: "So dudes, what's the deal with Unicode strings?"
The dude part is optional, but apparently the usefulness of
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Unicode strings is pretty widely appreciated. The Unicode character
set (and useful encodings like UTF-8, UCS-4, ISO 8859-10,
etc etc etc) were not mentioned in the first C++ standard. (The 2011
standard added support for string literals with different encodings
and some library facilities for converting between encodings, but the
notes below have not been updated to reflect that.)
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< / p > < p >
A couple of comments:
< / p > < p >
The thought that all one needs to convert between two arbitrary
codesets is two types and some kind of state argument is
unfortunate. In particular, encodings may be stateless. The naming
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of the third parameter as < span class = "type" > stateT< / span > is unfortunate, as what is
really needed is some kind of generalized type that accounts for the
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issues that abstract encodings will need. The minimum information
that is required includes:
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< / p > < div class = "itemizedlist" > < ul class = "itemizedlist" style = "list-style-type: disc; " > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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Identifiers for each of the codesets involved in the
conversion. For example, using the iconv family of functions
from the Single Unix Specification (what used to be called
X/Open) hosted on the GNU/Linux operating system allows
bi-directional mapping between far more than the following
tantalizing possibilities:
< / p > < p >
(An edited list taken from < code class = "code" > `iconv --list`< / code > on a
Red Hat 6.2/Intel system:
< / p > < div class = "blockquote" > < blockquote class = "blockquote" > < pre class = "programlisting" >
8859_1, 8859_9, 10646-1:1993, 10646-1:1993/UCS4, ARABIC, ARABIC7,
ASCII, EUC-CN, EUC-JP, EUC-KR, EUC-TW, GREEK-CCIcode, GREEK, GREEK7-OLD,
GREEK7, GREEK8, HEBREW, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-2, ISO-8859-3,
ISO-8859-4, ISO-8859-5, ISO-8859-6, ISO-8859-7, ISO-8859-8,
ISO-8859-9, ISO-8859-10, ISO-8859-11, ISO-8859-13, ISO-8859-14,
ISO-8859-15, ISO-10646, ISO-10646/UCS2, ISO-10646/UCS4,
ISO-10646/UTF-8, ISO-10646/UTF8, SHIFT-JIS, SHIFT_JIS, UCS-2, UCS-4,
UCS2, UCS4, UNICODE, UNICODEBIG, UNICODELIcodeLE, US-ASCII, US, UTF-8,
UTF-16, UTF8, UTF16).
< / pre > < / blockquote > < / div > < p >
For iconv-based implementations, string literals for each of the
encodings (i.e. "UCS-2" and "UTF-8") are necessary,
although for other,
non-iconv implementations a table of enumerated values or some other
mechanism may be required.
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Maximum length of the identifying string literal.
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Some encodings require explicit endian-ness. As such, some kind
of endian marker or other byte-order marker will be necessary. See
"Footnotes for C/C++ developers" in Haible for more information on
UCS-2/Unicode endian issues. (Summary: big endian seems most likely,
however implementations, most notably Microsoft, vary.)
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Types representing the conversion state, for conversions involving
the machinery in the "C" library, or the conversion descriptor, for
conversions using iconv (such as the type iconv_t.) Note that the
conversion descriptor encodes more information than a simple encoding
state type.
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Conversion descriptors for both directions of encoding. (i.e., both
UCS-2 to UTF-8 and UTF-8 to UCS-2.)
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Something to indicate if the conversion requested if valid.
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Something to represent if the conversion descriptors are valid.
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Some way to enforce strict type checking on the internal and
external types. As part of this, the size of the internal and
external types will need to be known.
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< / p > < / li > < / ul > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h5 class = "title" > < a id = "codecvt.design.issues" > < / a > Other Issues< / h5 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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In addition, multi-threaded and multi-locale environments also impact
the design and requirements for code conversions. In particular, they
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affect the required specialization
< code class = "classname" > codecvt< wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> < / code >
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when implemented using standard "C" functions.
< / p > < p >
Three problems arise, one big, one of medium importance, and one small.
< / p > < p >
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First, the small: < code class = "function" > mcsrtombs< / code > and
< code class = "function" > wcsrtombs< / code > may not be multithread-safe
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on all systems required by the GNU tools. For GNU/Linux and glibc,
this is not an issue.
< / p > < p >
Of medium concern, in the grand scope of things, is that the functions
used to implement this specialization work on null-terminated
strings. Buffers, especially file buffers, may not be null-terminated,
thus giving conversions that end prematurely or are otherwise
incorrect. Yikes!
< / p > < p >
The last, and fundamental problem, is the assumption of a global
locale for all the "C" functions referenced above. For something like
C++ iostreams (where codecvt is explicitly used) the notion of
multiple locales is fundamental. In practice, most users may not run
into this limitation. However, as a quality of implementation issue,
the GNU C++ library would like to offer a solution that allows
multiple locales and or simultaneous usage with computationally
correct results. In short, libstdc++ is trying to offer, as an
option, a high-quality implementation, damn the additional complexity!
< / p > < p >
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For the required specialization
< code class = "classname" > codecvt< wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> < / code > ,
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conversions are made between the internal character set (always UCS4
on GNU/Linux) and whatever the currently selected locale for the
LC_CTYPE category implements.
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< / p > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.codecvt.impl" > < / a > Implementation< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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The two required specializations are implemented as follows:
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
codecvt< char, char, mbstate_t>
< / code >
< / p > < p >
This is a degenerate (i.e., does nothing) specialization. Implementing
this was a piece of cake.
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
codecvt< char, wchar_t, mbstate_t>
< / code >
< / p > < p >
This specialization, by specifying all the template parameters, pretty
much ties the hands of implementors. As such, the implementation is
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straightforward, involving < code class = "function" > mcsrtombs< / code > for the conversions
between < span class = "type" > char< / span > to < span class = "type" > wchar_t< / span > and
< code class = "function" > wcsrtombs< / code > for conversions between < span class = "type" > wchar_t< / span >
and < span class = "type" > char< / span > .
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< / p > < p >
Neither of these two required specializations deals with Unicode
characters. As such, libstdc++ implements a partial specialization
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of the < span class = "type" > codecvt< / span > class with an iconv wrapper class,
< code class = "classname" > encoding_state< / code > as the third template parameter.
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< / p > < p >
This implementation should be standards conformant. First of all, the
standard explicitly points out that instantiations on the third
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template parameter, < span class = "type" > stateT< / span > , are the proper way to implement
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non-required conversions. Second of all, the standard says (in Chapter
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17) that partial specializations of required classes are A-OK. Third
of all, the requirements for the < span class = "type" > stateT< / span > type elsewhere in the
standard (see 21.1.2 traits typedefs) only indicate that this type be copy
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constructible.
< / p > < p >
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As such, the type < span class = "type" > encoding_state< / span > is defined as a non-templatized,
POD type to be used as the third type of a < span class = "type" > codecvt< / span > instantiation.
This type is just a wrapper class for iconv, and provides an easy interface
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to iconv functionality.
< / p > < p >
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There are two constructors for < span class = "type" > encoding_state< / span > :
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< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
encoding_state() : __in_desc(0), __out_desc(0)
< / code >
< / p > < p >
This default constructor sets the internal encoding to some default
(currently UCS4) and the external encoding to whatever is returned by
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< code class = "code" > nl_langinfo(CODESET)< / code > .
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< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
encoding_state(const char* __int, const char* __ext)
< / code >
< / p > < p >
This constructor takes as parameters string literals that indicate the
desired internal and external encoding. There are no defaults for
either argument.
< / p > < p >
One of the issues with iconv is that the string literals identifying
conversions are not standardized. Because of this, the thought of
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mandating and/or enforcing some set of pre-determined valid
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identifiers seems iffy: thus, a more practical (and non-migraine
inducing) strategy was implemented: end-users can specify any string
(subject to a pre-determined length qualifier, currently 32 bytes) for
encodings. It is up to the user to make sure that these strings are
valid on the target system.
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
void
_M_init()
< / code >
< / p > < p >
Strangely enough, this member function attempts to open conversion
descriptors for a given encoding_state object. If the conversion
descriptors are not valid, the conversion descriptors returned will
not be valid and the resulting calls to the codecvt conversion
functions will return error.
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
bool
_M_good()
< / code >
< / p > < p >
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Provides a way to see if the given < span class = "type" > encoding_state< / span > object has been
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properly initialized. If the string literals describing the desired
internal and external encoding are not valid, initialization will
fail, and this will return false. If the internal and external
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encodings are valid, but < code class = "function" > iconv_open< / code > could not allocate
conversion descriptors, this will also return false. Otherwise, the object is
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ready to convert and will return true.
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
encoding_state(const encoding_state& )
< / code >
< / p > < p >
As iconv allocates memory and sets up conversion descriptors, the copy
constructor can only copy the member data pertaining to the internal
and external code conversions, and not the conversion descriptors
themselves.
< / p > < p >
Definitions for all the required codecvt member functions are provided
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for this specialization, and usage of < code class = "code" > codecvt< < em class = "replaceable" > < code > internal
character type< / code > < / em > , < em class = "replaceable" > < code > external character type< / code > < / em > , < em class = "replaceable" > < code > encoding_state< / code > < / em > > < / code > is consistent with other
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codecvt usage.
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< / p > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.codecvt.use" > < / a > Use< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p > A conversion involving a string literal.< / p > < pre class = "programlisting" >
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typedef codecvt_base::result result;
typedef unsigned short unicode_t;
typedef unicode_t int_type;
typedef char ext_type;
typedef encoding_state state_type;
typedef codecvt< int_type, ext_type, state_type> unicode_codecvt;
const ext_type* e_lit = "black pearl jasmine tea";
int size = strlen(e_lit);
int_type i_lit_base[24] =
{ 25088, 27648, 24832, 25344, 27392, 8192, 28672, 25856, 24832, 29184,
27648, 8192, 27136, 24832, 29440, 27904, 26880, 28160, 25856, 8192, 29696,
25856, 24832, 2560
};
const int_type* i_lit = i_lit_base;
const ext_type* efrom_next;
const int_type* ifrom_next;
ext_type* e_arr = new ext_type[size + 1];
ext_type* eto_next;
int_type* i_arr = new int_type[size + 1];
int_type* ito_next;
// construct a locale object with the specialized facet.
locale loc(locale::classic(), new unicode_codecvt);
// sanity check the constructed locale has the specialized facet.
VERIFY( has_facet< unicode_codecvt> (loc) );
const unicode_codecvt& cvt = use_facet< unicode_codecvt> (loc);
// convert between const char* and unicode strings
unicode_codecvt::state_type state01("UNICODE", "ISO_8859-1");
initialize_state(state01);
result r1 = cvt.in(state01, e_lit, e_lit + size, efrom_next,
i_arr, i_arr + size, ito_next);
VERIFY( r1 == codecvt_base::ok );
VERIFY( !int_traits::compare(i_arr, i_lit, size) );
VERIFY( efrom_next == e_lit + size );
VERIFY( ito_next == i_arr + size );
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< / pre > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.codecvt.future" > < / a > Future< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "itemizedlist" > < ul class = "itemizedlist" style = "list-style-type: disc; " > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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a. things that are sketchy, or remain unimplemented:
do_encoding, max_length and length member functions
are only weakly implemented. I have no idea how to do
this correctly, and in a generic manner. Nathan?
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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b. conversions involving < span class = "type" > std::string< / span >
< / p > < div class = "itemizedlist" > < ul class = "itemizedlist" style = "list-style-type: circle; " > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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how should operators != and == work for string of
different/same encoding?
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
what is equal? A byte by byte comparison or an
encoding then byte comparison?
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
conversions between narrow, wide, and unicode strings
< / p > < / li > < / ul > < / div > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
c. conversions involving std::filebuf and std::ostream
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< / p > < div class = "itemizedlist" > < ul class = "itemizedlist" style = "list-style-type: circle; " > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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how to initialize the state object in a
standards-conformant manner?
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
how to synchronize the "C" and "C++"
conversion information?
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
wchar_t/char internal buffers and conversions between
internal/external buffers?
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< / p > < / li > < / ul > < / div > < / li > < / ul > < / div > < / div > < div class = "bibliography" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.codecvt.biblio" > < / a > Bibliography< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.3.8.2" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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The GNU C Library
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Roland< / span > < span class = "surname" > McGrath< / span > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Ulrich< / span > < span class = "surname" > Drepper< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2007 FSF. < / span > < span class = "pagenums" >
Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization
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. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.3.8.3" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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Correspondence
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Ulrich< / span > < span class = "surname" > Drepper< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2002 . < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.3.8.4" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 1998 ISO. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.3.8.5" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
2012-03-27 23:13:14 +00:00
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 1999 ISO. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.3.8.6" > < / a > < p > < span class = "title" > < em >
< a class = "link" href = "http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/" target = "_top" >
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System Interface Definitions, Issue 7 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2008)
< / a >
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2008
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc.
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. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.3.8.7" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Bjarne< / span > < span class = "surname" > Stroustrup< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. < / span > < span class = "pagenums" > Appendix D. < / span > < span class = "publisher" > < span class = "publishername" >
Addison Wesley
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. < / span > < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.3.8.8" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "subtitle" >
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
. < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Angelika< / span > < span class = "surname" > Langer< / span > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Klaus< / span > < span class = "surname" > Kreft< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. < / span > < span class = "publisher" > < span class = "publishername" >
Addison Wesley Longman
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. < / span > < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.3.8.9" > < / a > < p > < span class = "title" > < em >
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< a class = "link" href = "http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/na1.html" target = "_top" >
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A brief description of Normative Addendum 1
< / a >
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Clive< / span > < span class = "surname" > Feather< / span > . < / span > < span class = "pagenums" > Extended Character Sets. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.3.8.10" > < / a > < p > < span class = "title" > < em >
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< a class = "link" href = "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Unicode-HOWTO.html" target = "_top" >
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The Unicode HOWTO
< / a >
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Bruno< / span > < span class = "surname" > Haible< / span > . < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.3.8.11" > < / a > < p > < span class = "title" > < em >
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< a class = "link" href = "http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html" target = "_top" >
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UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux
< / a >
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Markus< / span > < span class = "surname" > Khun< / span > . < / span > < / p > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h3 class = "title" > < a id = "std.localization.facet.messages" > < / a > messages< / h3 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
The < code class = "classname" > std::messages< / code > facet implements message retrieval functionality
equivalent to Java's < code class = "classname" > java.text.MessageFormat< / code > using either GNU < code class = "function" > gettext< / code >
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or IEEE 1003.1-200 functions.
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< / p > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.messages.req" > < / a > Requirements< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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The < code class = "classname" > std::messages< / code > facet is probably the most vaguely defined facet in
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the standard library. It's assumed that this facility was built into
the standard library in order to convert string literals from one
locale to the other. For instance, converting the "C" locale's
< code class = "code" > const char* c = "please"< / code > to a German-localized < code class = "code" > "bitte"< / code >
during program execution.
< / p > < div class = "blockquote" > < blockquote class = "blockquote" > < p >
22.2.7.1 - Template class messages [lib.locale.messages]
< / p > < / blockquote > < / div > < p >
This class has three public member functions, which directly
correspond to three protected virtual member functions.
< / p > < p >
The public member functions are:
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > catalog open(const string& , const locale& ) const< / code >
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > string_type get(catalog, int, int, const string_type& ) const< / code >
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > void close(catalog) const< / code >
< / p > < p >
While the virtual functions are:
< / p > < p >
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< code class = "code" > catalog do_open(const string& name, const locale& loc) const< / code >
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< / p > < div class = "blockquote" > < blockquote class = "blockquote" > < p >
< span class = "emphasis" > < em >
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-1- Returns: A value that may be passed to < code class = "code" > get()< / code > to retrieve a
message, from the message catalog identified by the string < code class = "code" > name< / code >
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according to an implementation-defined mapping. The result can be used
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until it is passed to < code class = "code" > close()< / code > . Returns a value less than 0 if no such
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catalog can be opened.
< / em > < / span >
< / p > < / blockquote > < / div > < p >
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< code class = "code" > string_type do_get(catalog cat, int set , int msgid, const string_type& dfault) const< / code >
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< / p > < div class = "blockquote" > < blockquote class = "blockquote" > < p >
< span class = "emphasis" > < em >
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-3- Requires: A catalog < code class = "code" > cat< / code > obtained from < code class = "code" > open()< / code > and not yet closed.
-4- Returns: A message identified by arguments < code class = "code" > set< / code > , < code class = "code" > msgid< / code > , and < code class = "code" > dfault< / code > ,
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according to an implementation-defined mapping. If no such message can
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be found, returns < code class = "code" > dfault< / code > .
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< / em > < / span >
< / p > < / blockquote > < / div > < p >
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< code class = "code" > void do_close(catalog cat) const< / code >
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< / p > < div class = "blockquote" > < blockquote class = "blockquote" > < p >
< span class = "emphasis" > < em >
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-5- Requires: A catalog cat obtained from < code class = "code" > open()< / code > and not yet closed.
-6- Effects: Releases unspecified resources associated with < code class = "code" > cat< / code > .
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-7- Notes: The limit on such resources, if any, is implementation-defined.
< / em > < / span >
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< / p > < / blockquote > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.messages.design" > < / a > Design< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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A couple of notes on the standard.
< / p > < p >
First, why is < code class = "code" > messages_base::catalog< / code > specified as a typedef
to int? This makes sense for implementations that use
< code class = "code" > catopen< / code > and define < code class = "code" > nl_catd< / code > as int, but not for
others. Fortunately, it's not heavily used and so only a minor irritant.
This has been reported as a possible defect in the standard (LWG 2028).
< / p > < p >
Second, by making the member functions < code class = "code" > const< / code > , it is
impossible to save state in them. Thus, storing away information used
in the 'open' member function for use in 'get' is impossible. This is
unfortunate.
< / p > < p >
The 'open' member function in particular seems to be oddly
designed. The signature seems quite peculiar. Why specify a < code class = "code" > const
string& < / code > argument, for instance, instead of just < code class = "code" > const
char*< / code > ? Or, why specify a < code class = "code" > const locale& < / code > argument that is
to be used in the 'get' member function? How, exactly, is this locale
argument useful? What was the intent? It might make sense if a locale
argument was associated with a given default message string in the
'open' member function, for instance. Quite murky and unclear, on
reflection.
< / p > < p >
Lastly, it seems odd that messages, which explicitly require code
conversion, don't use the codecvt facet. Because the messages facet
has only one template parameter, it is assumed that ctype, and not
codecvt, is to be used to convert between character sets.
< / p > < p >
It is implicitly assumed that the locale for the default message
string in 'get' is in the "C" locale. Thus, all source code is assumed
to be written in English, so translations are always from "en_US" to
other, explicitly named locales.
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< / p > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.messages.impl" > < / a > Implementation< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h5 class = "title" > < a id = "messages.impl.models" > < / a > Models< / h5 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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This is a relatively simple class, on the face of it. The standard
specifies very little in concrete terms, so generic
implementations that are conforming yet do very little are the
norm. Adding functionality that would be useful to programmers and
comparable to Java's java.text.MessageFormat takes a bit of work,
and is highly dependent on the capabilities of the underlying
operating system.
< / p > < p >
Three different mechanisms have been provided, selectable via
configure flags:
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< / p > < div class = "itemizedlist" > < ul class = "itemizedlist" style = "list-style-type: disc; " > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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generic
< / p > < p >
This model does very little, and is what is used by default.
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
gnu
< / p > < p >
The gnu model is complete and fully tested. It's based on the
GNU gettext package, which is part of glibc. It uses the
functions < code class = "code" > textdomain, bindtextdomain, gettext< / code > to
implement full functionality. Creating message catalogs is a
relatively straight-forward process and is lightly documented
below, and fully documented in gettext's distributed
documentation.
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
ieee_1003.1-200x
< / p > < p >
This is a complete, though untested, implementation based on
the IEEE standard. The functions < code class = "code" > catopen, catgets,
catclose< / code > are used to retrieve locale-specific messages
given the appropriate message catalogs that have been
constructed for their use. Note, the script < code class = "code" >
po2msg.sed< / code > that is part of the gettext distribution can
convert gettext catalogs into catalogs that
< code class = "code" > catopen< / code > can use.
< / p > < / li > < / ul > < / div > < p >
A new, standards-conformant non-virtual member function signature was
added for 'open' so that a directory could be specified with a given
message catalog. This simplifies calling conventions for the gnu
model.
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< / p > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h5 class = "title" > < a id = "messages.impl.gnu" > < / a > The GNU Model< / h5 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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The messages facet, because it is retrieving and converting
between characters sets, depends on the ctype and perhaps the
codecvt facet in a given locale. In addition, underlying "C"
library locale support is necessary for more than just the
< code class = "code" > LC_MESSAGES< / code > mask: < code class = "code" > LC_CTYPE< / code > is also
necessary. To avoid any unpleasantness, all bits of the "C" mask
(i.e. < code class = "code" > LC_ALL< / code > ) are set before retrieving messages.
< / p > < p >
Making the message catalogs can be initially tricky, but become
quite simple with practice. For complete info, see the gettext
documentation. Here's an idea of what is required:
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< / p > < div class = "itemizedlist" > < ul class = "itemizedlist" style = "list-style-type: disc; " > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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Make a source file with the required string literals that need
to be translated. See < code class = "code" > intl/string_literals.cc< / code > for
an example.
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Make initial catalog (see "4 Making the PO Template File" from
the gettext docs).< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > xgettext --c++ --debug string_literals.cc -o libstdc++.pot < / code >
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p > Make language and country-specific locale catalogs.< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > cp libstdc++.pot fr_FR.po< / code >
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > cp libstdc++.pot de_DE.po< / code >
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Edit localized catalogs in emacs so that strings are
translated.
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > emacs fr_FR.po< / code >
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p > Make the binary mo files.< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > msgfmt fr_FR.po -o fr_FR.mo< / code >
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > msgfmt de_DE.po -o de_DE.mo< / code >
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p > Copy the binary files into the correct directory structure.< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > cp fr_FR.mo (dir)/fr_FR/LC_MESSAGES/libstdc++.mo< / code >
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > cp de_DE.mo (dir)/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES/libstdc++.mo< / code >
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p > Use the new message catalogs.< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" > locale loc_de("de_DE");< / code >
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
use_facet< messages< char> > (loc_de).open("libstdc++", locale(), dir);
< / code >
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< / p > < / li > < / ul > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.messages.use" > < / a > Use< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < p >
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A simple example using the GNU model of message conversion.
< / p > < pre class = "programlisting" >
#include < iostream>
#include < locale>
using namespace std;
void test01()
{
typedef messages< char> ::catalog catalog;
const char* dir =
"/mnt/egcs/build/i686-pc-linux-gnu/libstdc++/po/share/locale";
const locale loc_de("de_DE");
const messages< char> & mssg_de = use_facet< messages< char> > (loc_de);
catalog cat_de = mssg_de.open("libstdc++", loc_de, dir);
string s01 = mssg_de.get(cat_de, 0, 0, "please");
string s02 = mssg_de.get(cat_de, 0, 0, "thank you");
cout < < "please in german:" < < s01 < < '\n';
cout < < "thank you in german:" < < s02 < < '\n';
mssg_de.close(cat_de);
}
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< / pre > < / div > < div class = "section" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.messages.future" > < / a > Future< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "itemizedlist" > < ul class = "itemizedlist" style = "list-style-type: disc; " > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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Things that are sketchy, or remain unimplemented:
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< / p > < div class = "itemizedlist" > < ul class = "itemizedlist" style = "list-style-type: circle; " > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
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_M_convert_from_char, _M_convert_to_char are in flux,
depending on how the library ends up doing character set
conversions. It might not be possible to do a real character
set based conversion, due to the fact that the template
parameter for messages is not enough to instantiate the
codecvt facet (1 supplied, need at least 2 but would prefer
3).
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
There are issues with gettext needing the global locale set
to extract a message. This dependence on the global locale
makes the current "gnu" model non MT-safe. Future versions
of glibc, i.e. glibc 2.3.x will fix this, and the C++ library
bits are already in place.
< / p > < / li > < / ul > < / div > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
Development versions of the GNU "C" library, glibc 2.3 will allow
a more efficient, MT implementation of std::messages, and will
allow the removal of the _M_name_messages data member. If this is
done, it will change the library ABI. The C++ parts to support
glibc 2.3 have already been coded, but are not in use: once this
version of the "C" library is released, the marked parts of the
messages implementation can be switched over to the new "C"
library functionality.
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p >
At some point in the near future, std::numpunct will probably use
std::messages facilities to implement truename/falsename
correctly. This is currently not done, but entries in
libstdc++.pot have already been made for "true" and "false" string
literals, so all that remains is the std::numpunct coding and the
configure/make hassles to make the installed library search its
own catalog. Currently the libstdc++.mo catalog is only searched
for the testsuite cases involving messages members.
< / p > < / li > < li class = "listitem" > < p > The following member functions:< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
catalog
open(const basic_string< char> & __s, const locale& __loc) const
< / code >
< / p > < p >
< code class = "code" >
catalog
open(const basic_string< char> & , const locale& , const char*) const;
< / code >
< / p > < p >
Don't actually return a "value less than 0 if no such catalog
can be opened" as required by the standard in the "gnu"
model. As of this writing, it is unknown how to query to see
if a specified message catalog exists using the gettext
package.
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< / p > < / li > < / ul > < / div > < / div > < div class = "bibliography" > < div class = "titlepage" > < div > < div > < h4 class = "title" > < a id = "facet.messages.biblio" > < / a > Bibliography< / h4 > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.4.8.2" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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The GNU C Library
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Roland< / span > < span class = "surname" > McGrath< / span > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Ulrich< / span > < span class = "surname" > Drepper< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2007 FSF. < / span > < span class = "pagenums" > Chapters 6 Character Set Handling, and 7 Locales and Internationalization
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. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.4.8.3" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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Correspondence
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Ulrich< / span > < span class = "surname" > Drepper< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2002 . < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.4.8.4" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
2012-03-27 23:13:14 +00:00
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 1998 ISO. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.4.8.5" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
2012-03-27 23:13:14 +00:00
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
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< / em > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 1999 ISO. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.4.8.6" > < / a > < p > < span class = "title" > < em >
< a class = "link" href = "http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/" target = "_top" >
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System Interface Definitions, Issue 7 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2008)
< / a >
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2008
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc.
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. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.4.8.7" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
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The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Bjarne< / span > < span class = "surname" > Stroustrup< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. < / span > < span class = "pagenums" > Appendix D. < / span > < span class = "publisher" > < span class = "publishername" >
Addison Wesley
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. < / span > < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.4.8.8" > < / a > < p > < span class = "citetitle" > < em class = "citetitle" >
2012-03-27 23:13:14 +00:00
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "subtitle" >
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
. < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Angelika< / span > < span class = "surname" > Langer< / span > . < / span > < span class = "author" > < span class = "firstname" > Klaus< / span > < span class = "surname" > Kreft< / span > . < / span > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. < / span > < span class = "publisher" > < span class = "publishername" >
Addison Wesley Longman
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. < / span > < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.4.8.9" > < / a > < p > < span class = "title" > < em >
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< a class = "link" href = "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/api/index.html" target = "_top" >
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API Specifications, Java Platform
< / a >
< / em > . < / span > < span class = "pagenums" > java.util.Properties, java.text.MessageFormat,
java.util.Locale, java.util.ResourceBundle
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. < / span > < / p > < / div > < div class = "biblioentry" > < a id = "id-1.3.4.6.3.4.8.10" > < / a > < p > < span class = "title" > < em >
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< a class = "link" href = "https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/" target = "_top" >
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GNU gettext tools, version 0.10.38, Native Language Support
Library and Tools.
< / a >
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< / em > . < / span > < / p > < / div > < / div > < / div > < / div > < div class = "navfooter" > < hr / > < table width = "100%" summary = "Navigation footer" > < tr > < td width = "40%" align = "left" > < a accesskey = "p" href = "localization.html" > Prev< / a > < / td > < td width = "20%" align = "center" > < a accesskey = "u" href = "localization.html" > Up< / a > < / td > < td width = "40%" align = "right" > < a accesskey = "n" href = "containers.html" > Next< / a > < / td > < / tr > < tr > < td width = "40%" align = "left" valign = "top" > Chapter
2012-03-27 23:13:14 +00:00
Localization
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< / td > < td width = "20%" align = "center" > < a accesskey = "h" href = "../index.html" > Home< / a > < / td > < td width = "40%" align = "right" valign = "top" >
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Containers
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< / td > < / tr > < / table > < / div > < / body > < / html >
