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Update for new features
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doc/ld65.txt
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doc/ld65.txt
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
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A Linker for ca65 Object modules
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(C) Copyright 1998-1999 Ullrich von Bassewitz
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(C) Copyright 1998-2000 Ullrich von Bassewitz
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(uz@musoftware.de)
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@ -32,27 +32,21 @@ Contents
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1. Overview
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-----------
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ld65 is a replacement for the link65 linker that was part of the cc65 C
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compiler suite developed by John R. Dunning. link65 had some problems and
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the copyright does not permit some things which I wanted to be possible,
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so I decided to write a completely new assembler/linker/archiver suite
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for the cc65 compiler. ld65 is part of this suite.
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The ld65 linker combines several object modules, producing an executable
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file. The object modules may be read from a library created by the ar65
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archiver (this is somewhat faster and more convenient). The linker was
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designed to be as flexible as possible. It complements the features that
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are built into the ca65 macroassembler:
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The ld65 linker combines several object modules created by the ca65
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assembler, producing an executable file. The object modules may be read
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from a library created by the ar65 archiver (this is somewhat faster and
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more convenient). The linker was designed to be as flexible as possible.
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It complements the features that are built into the ca65 macroassembler:
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* Accept any number of segments to form an executable module.
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* Resolve arbitrary expressions stored in the object files.
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* In case of errors, use the meta information stored in the object
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files to produce helpful error messages. In case of undefined
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symbols, expression range errors, or symbol type mismatches, ld65 is
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able to tell you the exact location in the source, where the symbol
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was referenced.
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* In case of errors, use the meta information stored in the object files
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to produce helpful error messages. In case of undefined symbols,
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expression range errors, or symbol type mismatches, ld65 is able to
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tell you the exact location in the original assembler source, where
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the symbol was referenced.
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* Flexible output. The output of ld65 is highly configurable by a
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config file. More common platforms are supported by builtin
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@ -67,69 +61,122 @@ are built into the ca65 macroassembler:
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The linker is called as follows:
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Usage: ld65 [options] module ...
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Options are:
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-m name Create a map file
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-o name Name the default output file
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-t type Type of target system
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-v Verbose mode
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-vm Verbose map file
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-C name Use linker config file
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-Ln name Create a VICE label file
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-Lp Mark write protected segments as such (VICE)
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-S addr Set the default start address
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-V Print linker version
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Usage: ld65 [options] module ...
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Short options:
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-h Help (this text)
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-m name Create a map file
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-o name Name the default output file
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-t type Type of target system
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-v Verbose mode
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-vm Verbose map file
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-C name Use linker config file
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-Ln name Create a VICE label file
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-Lp Mark write protected segments as such (VICE)
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-S addr Set the default start address
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-V Print the linker version
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The -m switch (which needs an argument that will used as a filename for
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the generated map file) will cause the linker to generate a map file. The
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map file does contain a detailed overview over the modules used, the
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sizes for the different segments, and a table containing exported
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symbols.
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Long options:
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--help Help (this text)
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--version Print the linker version
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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The -o switch is used to give the name of the default output file.
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Depending on your output configuration, this name may NOT be used as name
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for the output file. However, for the builtin configurations, this name
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is used for the output file name.
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The argument for the -t switch is the name of the target system. Since
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this switch will activate a builtin configuration, it may not be used
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together with the -C option.
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The following target systems are defined (* = currently unsupported):
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-h
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--help
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none
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atari
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c64
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c128
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ace
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plus4
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cbm610
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pet
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nes
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apple2
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Print the short option summary shown above.
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See section 4.3 for more information about the builtin configurations.
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Using the -v option, you may enable more output that may help you to
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locate problems. If an undefined symbol is encountered, -v causes the
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linker to print a detailed list of the references (that is, source file
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and line) for this symbol.
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-m name
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-C gives the name of an output config file to use. See section 4 for more
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information about config files. -C may not be used together with -t.
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This option (which needs an argument that will used as a filename for
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the generated map file) will cause the linker to generate a map file.
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The map file does contain a detailed overview over the modules used, the
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sizes for the different segments, and a table containing exported
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symbols.
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-L allows you to create a file that contains all global labels and may be
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loaded into VICE emulator using the pb (playback) command. You may use
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this to debug your code with VICE. Note: The label feature is very new in
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VICE and has some bugs. If you have problems, please get the latest VICE
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version.
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Using -S you may define the default starting address. If and how this
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address is used depends on the config file in use. For the builtin
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configurations, only the "none" system honors an explicit start address,
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all other builtin config provide their own.
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-o name
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-V prints the version number of the linker. If you send any suggestions or
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bugfixes, please include this number.
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The -o switch is used to give the name of the default output file.
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Depending on your output configuration, this name may NOT be used as
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name for the output file. However, for the builtin configurations, this
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name is used for the output file name.
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-t target
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The argument for the -t switch is the name of the target system. Since
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this switch will activate a builtin configuration, it may not be used
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together with the -C option. The following target systems are currently
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supported:
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none
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atari
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c64
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c128
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plus4
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cbm610
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pet
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apple2
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geos
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There are a few more targets defined but neither of them is actually
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supported. See section 4.3 for more information about the builtin
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configurations.
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-v
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--verbose
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Using the -v option, you may enable more output that may help you to
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locate problems. If an undefined symbol is encountered, -v causes the
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linker to print a detailed list of the references (that is, source file
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and line) for this symbol.
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-vm
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Must be used in conjunction with -m (generate map file). Normally the
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map file will not include empty segments and sections, or unreferenced
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symbols. Using this option, you can force the linker to include all
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this information into the map file.
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-C
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This gives the name of an output config file to use. See section 4 for
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more information about config files. -C may not be used together with
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-t.
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-Ln
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This option allows you to create a file that contains all global labels
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and may be loaded into VICE emulator using the pb (playback) command.
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You may use this to debug your code with VICE. Note: The label feature
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is very new in VICE and has some bugs. If you have problems, please get
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the latest VICE version.
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-Lp
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Deprecated option.
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-S addr
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Using -S you may define the default starting address. If and how this
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address is used depends on the config file in use. For the builtin
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configurations, only the "none" system honors an explicit start address,
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all other builtin config provide their own.
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-V
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--version
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This option print the version number of the linker. If you send any
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suggestions or bugfixes, please include this number.
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If one of the modules is not found in the current directory, and the
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@ -527,7 +574,18 @@ none:
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}
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atari:
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(non-existent)
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MEMORY {
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HEADER: start = $0000, size = $6, file = %O;
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RAM: start = $1F00, size = $6100, file = %O;
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}
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SEGMENTS {
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EXEHDR: load = HEADER, type = wprot;
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CODE: load = RAM, type = wprot, define = yes;
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RODATA: load = RAM, type = wprot;
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DATA: load = RAM, type = rw;
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BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
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AUTOSTRT: load = RAM, type = wprot;
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}
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c64:
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MEMORY {
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BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
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}
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nes:
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MEMORY {
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RAM: start = $0200, size = $0600, file = "";
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ROM: start = $8000, size = $8000, file = %O;
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}
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SEGMENTS {
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CODE: load = ROM, type = ro;
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RODATA: load = ROM, type = ro;
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DATA: load = ROM, run = RAM, type = rw, define = yes;
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BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
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VECTORS: load = ROM, type = ro, start = $FFFA;
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}
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apple2:
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MEMORY {
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RAM: start = $800, size = $8E00, file = %O;
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BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
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}
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geos:
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MEMORY {
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HEADER: start = $204, size = 508, file = %O;
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RAM: start = $400, size = $7C00, file = %O;
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}
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SEGMENTS {
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HEADER: load = HEADER, type = ro;
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CODE: load = RAM, type = ro;
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RODATA: load = RAM, type = ro;
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DATA: load = RAM, type = rw;
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BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
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}
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The "start" attribute for the RAM memory area of the CBM systems is two
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less than the actual start of the basic RAM to account for the two bytes
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load address that is needed on disk and supplied by the startup code.
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@ -629,9 +687,9 @@ Feel free to contact me by email (uz@musoftware.de).
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6. Copyright
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------------
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ld65 (and all cc65 binutils) are (C) Copyright 1998 Ullrich von Bassewitz.
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For usage of the binaries and/or sources the following conditions do
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apply:
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ld65 (and all cc65 binutils) are (C) Copyright 1998-2000 Ullrich von
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Bassewitz. For usage of the binaries and/or sources the following
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conditions do apply:
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This software is provided 'as-is', without any expressed or implied
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warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
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