cc65/src/cc65/coptshift.c

774 lines
25 KiB
C

/*****************************************************************************/
/* */
/* coptshift.c */
/* */
/* Optimize shifts */
/* */
/* */
/* */
/* (C) 2001-2012, Ullrich von Bassewitz */
/* Roemerstrasse 52 */
/* D-70794 Filderstadt */
/* EMail: uz@cc65.org */
/* */
/* */
/* This software is provided 'as-is', without any expressed or implied */
/* warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages */
/* arising from the use of this software. */
/* */
/* Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, */
/* including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it */
/* freely, subject to the following restrictions: */
/* */
/* 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not */
/* claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software */
/* in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be */
/* appreciated but is not required. */
/* 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not */
/* be misrepresented as being the original software. */
/* 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source */
/* distribution. */
/* */
/*****************************************************************************/
/* common */
#include "chartype.h"
/* cc65 */
#include "codeent.h"
#include "codeinfo.h"
#include "coptshift.h"
/*****************************************************************************/
/* Data */
/*****************************************************************************/
/* Shift types. Shift type is in the first byte, shift count in the second */
enum {
SHIFT_NONE = 0x0000,
/* Masks */
SHIFT_MASK_COUNT = 0x00FF,
SHIFT_MASK_DIR = 0x0F00,
SHIFT_MASK_MODE = 0xF000, /* Arithmetic or logical */
SHIFT_MASK_TYPE = SHIFT_MASK_DIR | SHIFT_MASK_MODE,
/* Shift counts */
SHIFT_COUNT_Y = 0x0000, /* Count is in Y register */
SHIFT_COUNT_1 = 0x0001,
SHIFT_COUNT_2 = 0x0002,
SHIFT_COUNT_3 = 0x0003,
SHIFT_COUNT_4 = 0x0004,
SHIFT_COUNT_5 = 0x0005,
SHIFT_COUNT_6 = 0x0006,
SHIFT_COUNT_7 = 0x0007,
/* Shift directions */
SHIFT_DIR_LEFT = 0x0100,
SHIFT_DIR_RIGHT = 0x0200,
/* Shift modes */
SHIFT_MODE_ARITH = 0x1000,
SHIFT_MODE_LOGICAL = 0x2000,
/* Shift types */
SHIFT_TYPE_ASL = SHIFT_DIR_LEFT | SHIFT_MODE_ARITH,
SHIFT_TYPE_ASR = SHIFT_DIR_RIGHT | SHIFT_MODE_ARITH,
SHIFT_TYPE_LSL = SHIFT_DIR_LEFT | SHIFT_MODE_LOGICAL,
SHIFT_TYPE_LSR = SHIFT_DIR_RIGHT | SHIFT_MODE_LOGICAL,
/* Complete specs */
SHIFT_ASL_Y = SHIFT_TYPE_ASL | SHIFT_COUNT_Y,
SHIFT_ASR_Y = SHIFT_TYPE_ASR | SHIFT_COUNT_Y,
SHIFT_LSL_Y = SHIFT_TYPE_LSL | SHIFT_COUNT_Y,
SHIFT_LSR_Y = SHIFT_TYPE_LSR | SHIFT_COUNT_Y,
SHIFT_ASL_1 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASL | SHIFT_COUNT_1,
SHIFT_ASR_1 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASR | SHIFT_COUNT_1,
SHIFT_LSL_1 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSL | SHIFT_COUNT_1,
SHIFT_LSR_1 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSR | SHIFT_COUNT_1,
SHIFT_ASL_2 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASL | SHIFT_COUNT_2,
SHIFT_ASR_2 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASR | SHIFT_COUNT_2,
SHIFT_LSL_2 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSL | SHIFT_COUNT_2,
SHIFT_LSR_2 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSR | SHIFT_COUNT_2,
SHIFT_ASL_3 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASL | SHIFT_COUNT_3,
SHIFT_ASR_3 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASR | SHIFT_COUNT_3,
SHIFT_LSL_3 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSL | SHIFT_COUNT_3,
SHIFT_LSR_3 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSR | SHIFT_COUNT_3,
SHIFT_ASL_4 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASL | SHIFT_COUNT_4,
SHIFT_ASR_4 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASR | SHIFT_COUNT_4,
SHIFT_LSL_4 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSL | SHIFT_COUNT_4,
SHIFT_LSR_4 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSR | SHIFT_COUNT_4,
SHIFT_ASL_5 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASL | SHIFT_COUNT_5,
SHIFT_ASR_5 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASR | SHIFT_COUNT_5,
SHIFT_LSL_5 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSL | SHIFT_COUNT_5,
SHIFT_LSR_5 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSR | SHIFT_COUNT_5,
SHIFT_ASL_6 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASL | SHIFT_COUNT_6,
SHIFT_ASR_6 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASR | SHIFT_COUNT_6,
SHIFT_LSL_6 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSL | SHIFT_COUNT_6,
SHIFT_LSR_6 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSR | SHIFT_COUNT_6,
SHIFT_ASL_7 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASL | SHIFT_COUNT_7,
SHIFT_ASR_7 = SHIFT_TYPE_ASR | SHIFT_COUNT_7,
SHIFT_LSL_7 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSL | SHIFT_COUNT_7,
SHIFT_LSR_7 = SHIFT_TYPE_LSR | SHIFT_COUNT_7,
};
/* Macros to extract values from a shift type */
#define SHIFT_COUNT(S) ((S) & SHIFT_MASK_COUNT)
#define SHIFT_DIR(S) ((S) & SHIFT_MASK_DIR)
#define SHIFT_MODE(S) ((S) & SHIFT_MASK_MODE)
#define SHIFT_TYPE(S) ((S) & SHIFT_MASK_TYPE)
/*****************************************************************************/
/* Helper routines */
/*****************************************************************************/
static unsigned GetShift (const char* Name)
/* Determine the shift from the name of the subroutine */
{
unsigned Type;
if (strncmp (Name, "aslax", 5) == 0) {
Type = SHIFT_TYPE_ASL;
} else if (strncmp (Name, "asrax", 5) == 0) {
Type = SHIFT_TYPE_ASR;
} else if (strncmp (Name, "shlax", 5) == 0) {
Type = SHIFT_TYPE_LSL;
} else if (strncmp (Name, "shrax", 5) == 0) {
Type = SHIFT_TYPE_LSR;
} else {
/* Nothing we know */
return SHIFT_NONE;
}
/* Get the count */
switch (Name[5]) {
case 'y': Type |= SHIFT_COUNT_Y; break;
case '1': Type |= SHIFT_COUNT_1; break;
case '2': Type |= SHIFT_COUNT_2; break;
case '3': Type |= SHIFT_COUNT_3; break;
case '4': Type |= SHIFT_COUNT_4; break;
case '5': Type |= SHIFT_COUNT_5; break;
case '6': Type |= SHIFT_COUNT_6; break;
case '7': Type |= SHIFT_COUNT_7; break;
default: return SHIFT_NONE;
}
/* Make sure nothing follows */
if (Name[6] == '\0') {
return Type;
} else {
return SHIFT_NONE;
}
}
/*****************************************************************************/
/* Optimize shifts */
/*****************************************************************************/
unsigned OptShift1 (CodeSeg* S)
/* A call to the shlaxN routine may get replaced by one or more asl insns
** if the value of X is not used later. If X is used later, but it is zero
** on entry and it's a shift by one, it may get replaced by:
**
** asl a
** bcc L1
** inx
** L1:
*/
{
unsigned Changes = 0;
unsigned I;
/* Walk over the entries */
I = 0;
while (I < CS_GetEntryCount (S)) {
unsigned Shift;
CodeEntry* N;
CodeEntry* X;
CodeLabel* L;
/* Get next entry */
CodeEntry* E = CS_GetEntry (S, I);
/* Check for the sequence */
if (E->OPC == OP65_JSR &&
(Shift = GetShift (E->Arg)) != SHIFT_NONE &&
SHIFT_DIR (Shift) == SHIFT_DIR_LEFT) {
unsigned Count = SHIFT_COUNT (Shift);
if (!RegXUsed (S, I+1)) {
if (Count == SHIFT_COUNT_Y) {
CodeLabel* L;
if (S->CodeSizeFactor < 200) {
goto NextEntry;
}
/* Change into
**
** L1: asl a
** dey
** bpl L1
** ror a
*/
/* asl a */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ASL, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+1);
L = CS_GenLabel (S, X);
/* dey */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_DEY, AM65_IMP, 0, 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+2);
/* bpl L1 */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_BPL, AM65_BRA, L->Name, L, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+3);
/* ror a */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ROR, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+4);
} else {
/* Insert shift insns */
while (Count--) {
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ASL, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+1);
}
}
} else if (E->RI->In.RegX == 0 &&
Count == 1 &&
(N = CS_GetNextEntry (S, I)) != 0) {
/* asl a */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ASL, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+1);
/* bcc L1 */
L = CS_GenLabel (S, N);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_BCC, AM65_BRA, L->Name, L, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+2);
/* inx */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_INX, AM65_IMP, 0, 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+3);
} else {
/* We won't handle this one */
goto NextEntry;
}
/* Delete the call to shlax */
CS_DelEntry (S, I);
/* Remember, we had changes */
++Changes;
}
NextEntry:
/* Next entry */
++I;
}
/* Return the number of changes made */
return Changes;
}
unsigned OptShift2 (CodeSeg* S)
/* The sequence
**
** bpl L
** dex
** L: jsr asraxN
**
** might be replaced by N copies of
**
** cmp #$80
** ror a
**
** if X is not used later (X is assumed to be zero on entry).
** If the sequence is followed immediately by another
**
** jsr asraxN
**
** then their shifts are combined.
*/
{
unsigned Changes = 0;
unsigned I = 0;
/* Walk over the entries */
while (I < CS_GetEntryCount (S)) {
unsigned Shift;
unsigned Count, Count2;
unsigned K;
CodeEntry* L[4];
/* Get next entry */
L[0] = CS_GetEntry (S, I);
/* Check for the sequence */
if ((L[0]->OPC == OP65_BPL ||
L[0]->OPC == OP65_BCC ||
L[0]->OPC == OP65_JPL ||
L[0]->OPC == OP65_JCC) &&
L[0]->JumpTo != 0 &&
CS_GetEntries (S, L+1, I+1, 3) &&
L[1]->OPC == OP65_DEX &&
L[0]->JumpTo->Owner == L[2] &&
!CS_RangeHasLabel (S, I, 2) &&
L[2]->OPC == OP65_JSR &&
SHIFT_TYPE (Shift = GetShift (L[2]->Arg)) == SHIFT_TYPE_ASR &&
(Count = SHIFT_COUNT (Shift)) > 0) {
if (L[3]->OPC == OP65_JSR &&
SHIFT_TYPE (Shift = GetShift (L[3]->Arg)) == SHIFT_TYPE_ASR &&
(Count2 = SHIFT_COUNT (Shift)) > 0) {
/* Found a second jsr asraxN */
Count += Count2;
K = 4;
} else {
K = 3;
}
if (Count * 100 <= S->CodeSizeFactor &&
!RegXUsed (S, I+K)) {
CodeEntry* X;
unsigned J = I+K;
/* Generate the replacement sequence */
do {
/* cmp #$80 */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_CMP, AM65_IMM, "$80", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, J++);
/* ror a */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ROR, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, J++);
} while (--Count);
/* Remove the bpl/dex/jsr */
CS_DelEntries (S, I, K);
/* Remember, we had changes */
++Changes;
}
}
/* Next entry */
++I;
}
/* Return the number of changes made */
return Changes;
}
unsigned OptShift3 (CodeSeg* S)
/* The sequence
**
** bcc L
** inx
** L: jsr shrax1
**
** may get replaced by
**
** ror a
**
** if X is zero on entry. For shift counts > 1, more
**
** shr a
**
** must be added.
*/
{
unsigned Changes = 0;
unsigned I;
/* Walk over the entries */
I = 0;
while (I < CS_GetEntryCount (S)) {
unsigned Shift;
unsigned Count;
CodeEntry* L[3];
/* Get next entry */
L[0] = CS_GetEntry (S, I);
/* Check for the sequence */
if ((L[0]->OPC == OP65_BCC || L[0]->OPC == OP65_JCC) &&
L[0]->JumpTo != 0 &&
L[0]->RI->In.RegX == 0 &&
CS_GetEntries (S, L+1, I+1, 2) &&
L[1]->OPC == OP65_INX &&
L[0]->JumpTo->Owner == L[2] &&
!CS_RangeHasLabel (S, I, 2) &&
L[2]->OPC == OP65_JSR &&
(Shift = GetShift (L[2]->Arg)) != SHIFT_NONE &&
SHIFT_DIR (Shift) == SHIFT_DIR_RIGHT &&
(Count = SHIFT_COUNT (Shift)) > 0) {
/* Add the replacement insn instead */
CodeEntry* X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ROR, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+3);
while (--Count) {
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_LSR, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+4);
}
/* Remove the bcc/inx/jsr */
CS_DelEntries (S, I, 3);
/* Remember, we had changes */
++Changes;
}
/* Next entry */
++I;
}
/* Return the number of changes made */
return Changes;
}
unsigned OptShift4 (CodeSeg* S)
/* Calls to the asraxN or shraxN routines may get replaced by one or more lsr
** insns if the value of X is zero.
*/
{
unsigned Changes = 0;
unsigned I;
/* Walk over the entries */
I = 0;
while (I < CS_GetEntryCount (S)) {
unsigned Shift;
unsigned Count;
/* Get next entry */
CodeEntry* E = CS_GetEntry (S, I);
/* Check for the sequence */
if (E->OPC == OP65_JSR &&
(Shift = GetShift (E->Arg)) != SHIFT_NONE &&
SHIFT_DIR (Shift) == SHIFT_DIR_RIGHT &&
E->RI->In.RegX == 0) {
CodeEntry* X;
/* Shift count may be in Y */
Count = SHIFT_COUNT (Shift);
if (Count == SHIFT_COUNT_Y) {
CodeLabel* L;
if (S->CodeSizeFactor < 200) {
/* Not acceptable */
goto NextEntry;
}
/* Generate:
**
** L1: lsr a
** dey
** bpl L1
** rol a
**
** A negative shift count or one that is greater or equal than
** the bit width of the left operand (which is promoted to
** integer before the operation) causes undefined behaviour, so
** above transformation is safe.
*/
/* lsr a */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_LSR, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+1);
L = CS_GenLabel (S, X);
/* dey */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_DEY, AM65_IMP, 0, 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+2);
/* bpl L1 */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_BPL, AM65_BRA, L->Name, L, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+3);
/* rol a */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ROL, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+4);
} else {
/* Insert shift insns */
while (Count--) {
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_LSR, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+1);
}
}
/* Delete the call to shrax */
CS_DelEntry (S, I);
/* Remember, we had changes */
++Changes;
}
NextEntry:
/* Next entry */
++I;
}
/* Return the number of changes made */
return Changes;
}
unsigned OptShift5 (CodeSeg* S)
/* Search for the sequence
**
** lda xxx
** ldx yyy
** jsr aslax1/asrax1/shlax1/shrax1
** sta aaa
** stx bbb
**
** and replace it by
**
** lda xxx
** asl a
** sta aaa
** lda yyy
** rol a
** sta bbb
**
** or similar, provided that a/x is not used later
*/
{
unsigned Changes = 0;
/* Walk over the entries */
unsigned I = 0;
while (I < CS_GetEntryCount (S)) {
unsigned ShiftType;
CodeEntry* L[5];
/* Get next entry */
L[0] = CS_GetEntry (S, I);
/* Check for the sequence */
if (L[0]->OPC == OP65_LDA &&
(L[0]->AM == AM65_ABS || L[0]->AM == AM65_ZP) &&
CS_GetEntries (S, L+1, I+1, 4) &&
!CS_RangeHasLabel (S, I+1, 4) &&
L[1]->OPC == OP65_LDX &&
(L[1]->AM == AM65_ABS || L[1]->AM == AM65_ZP) &&
L[2]->OPC == OP65_JSR &&
(ShiftType = GetShift (L[2]->Arg)) != SHIFT_NONE &&
SHIFT_COUNT(ShiftType) == 1 &&
L[3]->OPC == OP65_STA &&
(L[3]->AM == AM65_ABS || L[3]->AM == AM65_ZP) &&
L[4]->OPC == OP65_STX &&
(L[4]->AM == AM65_ABS || L[4]->AM == AM65_ZP) &&
!RegAXUsed (S, I+5)) {
CodeEntry* X;
/* Handle the four shift types differently */
switch (ShiftType) {
case SHIFT_ASR_1:
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_LDA, L[1]->AM, L[1]->Arg, 0, L[1]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+5);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_CMP, AM65_IMM, "$80", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+6);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ROR, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+7);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_STA, L[4]->AM, L[4]->Arg, 0, L[4]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+8);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_LDA, L[0]->AM, L[0]->Arg, 0, L[0]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+9);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ROR, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+10);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_STA, L[3]->AM, L[3]->Arg, 0, L[3]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+11);
CS_DelEntries (S, I, 5);
break;
case SHIFT_LSR_1:
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_LDA, L[1]->AM, L[1]->Arg, 0, L[1]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+5);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_LSR, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+6);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_STA, L[4]->AM, L[4]->Arg, 0, L[4]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+7);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_LDA, L[0]->AM, L[0]->Arg, 0, L[0]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+8);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ROR, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+9);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_STA, L[3]->AM, L[3]->Arg, 0, L[3]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+10);
CS_DelEntries (S, I, 5);
break;
case SHIFT_LSL_1:
case SHIFT_ASL_1:
/* These two are identical */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ASL, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+1);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_STA, L[3]->AM, L[3]->Arg, 0, L[3]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+2);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_LDA, L[1]->AM, L[1]->Arg, 0, L[1]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+3);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ROL, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, L[2]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+4);
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_STA, L[4]->AM, L[4]->Arg, 0, L[4]->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, I+5);
CS_DelEntries (S, I+6, 4);
break;
}
/* Remember, we had changes */
++Changes;
}
/* Next entry */
++I;
}
/* Return the number of changes made */
return Changes;
}
unsigned OptShift6 (CodeSeg* S)
/* Inline the shift subroutines. */
{
unsigned Changes = 0;
/* Walk over the entries */
unsigned I = 0;
while (I < CS_GetEntryCount (S)) {
unsigned Shift;
unsigned Count;
CodeEntry* X;
unsigned IP;
/* Get next entry */
CodeEntry* E = CS_GetEntry (S, I);
/* Check for a call to one of the shift routine */
if (E->OPC == OP65_JSR &&
(Shift = GetShift (E->Arg)) != SHIFT_NONE &&
SHIFT_DIR (Shift) == SHIFT_DIR_LEFT &&
(Count = SHIFT_COUNT (Shift)) > 0) {
/* Code is:
**
** stx tmp1
** asl a
** rol tmp1
** (repeat ShiftCount-1 times)
** ldx tmp1
**
** which makes 4 + 3 * ShiftCount bytes, compared to the original
** 3 bytes for the subroutine call. However, in most cases, the
** final load of the X register gets merged with some other insn
** and replaces a txa, so for a shift count of 1, we get a factor
** of 200, which matches nicely the CodeSizeFactor enabled with -Oi
*/
if (Count > 1 || S->CodeSizeFactor > 200) {
unsigned Size = 4 + 3 * Count;
if ((Size * 100 / 3) > S->CodeSizeFactor) {
/* Not acceptable */
goto NextEntry;
}
}
/* Inline the code. Insertion point is behind the subroutine call */
IP = (I + 1);
/* stx tmp1 */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_STX, AM65_ZP, "tmp1", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, IP++);
while (Count--) {
/* asl a */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ASL, AM65_ACC, "a", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, IP++);
/* rol tmp1 */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_ROL, AM65_ZP, "tmp1", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, IP++);
}
/* ldx tmp1 */
X = NewCodeEntry (OP65_LDX, AM65_ZP, "tmp1", 0, E->LI);
CS_InsertEntry (S, X, IP++);
/* Remove the subroutine call */
CS_DelEntry (S, I);
/* Remember, we had changes */
++Changes;
}
NextEntry:
/* Next entry */
++I;
}
/* Return the number of changes made */
return Changes;
}