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456 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
<!doctype linuxdoc system>
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<article>
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<title>da65 Users Guide
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<author>Ullrich von Bassewitz, <htmlurl url="mailto:uz@cc65.org" name="uz@cc65.org">
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<date>2003-08-08
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<abstract>
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da65 is a 6502/65C02 disassembler that is able to read user supplied
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information about its input data for better results. The output is ready for
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feeding into ca65, the macro assembler supplied with the cc65 C compiler.
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</abstract>
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<!-- Table of contents -->
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<toc>
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<!-- Begin the document -->
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<sect>Overview<p>
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da65 is a disassembler for 6502/65C02 code. It is supplied as a utility with
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the cc65 C compiler and generates output that is suitable for the ca65
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macro assembler.
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Besides generating output for ca65, one of the design goals was that the user
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is able to feed additional information about the code into the disassembler
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for improved results. This information may include the location and size of
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tables, and their format.
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One nice advantage of this concept is that disassembly of copyrighted binaries
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may be handled without problems: One can just pass the information file for
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disassembling the binary, so everyone with a legal copy of the binary can
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generate a nicely formatted disassembly with readable labels and other
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information.
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<sect>Usage<p>
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<sect1>Command line option overview<p>
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The assembler accepts the following options:
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<tscreen><verb>
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Usage: da65 [options] [inputfile]
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Short options:
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-g Add debug info to object file
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-h Help (this text)
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-i name Specify an info file
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-o name Name the output file
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-v Increase verbosity
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-F Add formfeeds to the output
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-S addr Set the start/load address
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-V Print the disassembler version
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Long options:
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--cpu type Set cpu type
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--debug-info Add debug info to object file
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--formfeeds Add formfeeds to the output
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--help Help (this text)
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--info name Specify an info file
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--pagelength n Set the page length for the listing
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--start-addr addr Set the start/load address
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--verbose Increase verbosity
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--version Print the disassembler version
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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</verb></tscreen>
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<sect1>Command line options in detail<p>
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Here is a description of all the command line options:
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<descrip>
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<label id="option--cpu">
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<tag><tt>--cpu type</tt></tag>
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Set the CPU type. The option takes a parameter, which may be one of
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6502, 65SC02, 65C02
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Support for the 65816 is currently not available.
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<label id="option--formfeeds">
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<tag><tt>-F, --formfeeds</tt></tag>
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Add formfeeds to the generated output. This feature is useful together
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with the <tt><ref id="option--pagelength" name="--pagelength"></tt> option.
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If <tt/--formfeeds/ is given, a formfeed is added to the output after each
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page.
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<tag><tt>-g, --debug-info</tt></tag>
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This option adds the <tt/.DEBUGINFO/ command to the output file, so the
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assembler will generate debug information when reassembling the generated
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output.
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<tag><tt>-h, --help</tt></tag>
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Print the short option summary shown above.
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<label id="option--info">
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<tag><tt>-i name, --info name</tt></tag>
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Specify an info file. The info file contains global options that may
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override or replace command line options plus informations about the code
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that has to be disassembled. See the separate section <ref id="infofile"
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name="Info File Format">.
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<label id="option-o">
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<tag><tt>-o name</tt></tag>
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The default output name is the name of the input file with the extension
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replaced by ".dis". If you don't like that, you may give another name with
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the -o option. The output file will be placed in the same directory as
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the source file, or, if -o is given, the full path in this name is used.
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<label id="option--pagelength">
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<tag><tt>--pagelength n</tt></tag>
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Sets the length of a listing page in lines. After this number of lines, a
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new page header is generated. If the <tt><ref id="option--formfeeds"
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name="--formfeeds"></tt> is also given, a formfeed is inserted before
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generating the page header.
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A value of -1 for the page length will disable paging of the output.
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<label id="option--start-addr">
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<tag><tt>-S addr, --start-addr addr</tt></tag>
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Specify the start/load address of the binary code that is going to be
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disassembled. The given address is interpreted as an octal value if
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preceeded with a '0' digit, as a hexadecimal value if preceeded with '0x',
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'0X', or '$', and as a decimal value in all other cases. If no start address
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is specified, $10000 minus the size of the input file is used.
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<tag><tt>-v, --verbose</tt></tag>
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Increase the assembler verbosity. Usually only needed for debugging
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purposes. You may use this option more than one time for even more
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verbose output.
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<tag><tt>-V, --version</tt></tag>
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Print the version number of the assembler. If you send any suggestions
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or bugfixes, please include the version number.
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</descrip>
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<p>
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<sect>Detailed workings<p>
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<sect1>Supported CPUs<p>
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The default (no CPU given on the command line or in the <tt/GLOBAL/ section of
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the info file) is the 6502 CPU. The disassembler knows all "official" opcodes
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for this CPU. Invalid opcodes are translated into <tt/.byte/ commands.
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With the command line option <tt><ref id="option--cpu" name="--cpu"></tt>, the
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disassembler may be told to recognize either the 65SC02 or 65C02 CPUs. The
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latter understands the same opcodes as the former, plus 16 additional bit
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manipulation and bit test-and-branch commands.
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While there is some code for the 65816 in the sources, it is currently
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unsupported.
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<sect1>Attribute map<p>
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The disassembler works by creating an attribute map for the whole address
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space ($0000 - $FFFF). Initially, all attributes are cleared. Then, an
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external info file (if given) is read. Disassembly is done in several passes.
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In all passes with the exception of the last one, information about the
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disassembled code is gathered and added to the symbol and attribute maps. The
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last pass generates output using the information from the maps.
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<sect1>Labels<p>
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Some instructions may generate labels in the first pass, while most other
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instructions do not generate labels, but use them if they are available. Among
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others, the branch and jump instructions will generate labels for the target
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of the branch in the first pass. External labels (taken from the info file)
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have precedence over internally generated ones, They must be valid identifiers
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as specified for the ca65 assembler. Internal labels (generated by the
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disassembler) have the form <tt/Labcd/, where <tt/abcd/ is the hexadecimal
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address of the label in upper case letters. You should probably avoid using
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such label names for external labels.
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<sect1>Info File<p>
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The info file is used to pass additional information about the input code to
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the disassembler. This includes label names, data areas or tables, and global
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options like input and output file names. See the <ref id="infofile"
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name="next section"> for more information.
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<sect>Info File Format<p><label id="infofile">
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The info file contains lists of specifications grouped together. Each group
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directive has an identifying token and an attribute list enclosed in curly
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braces. Attributes have a name followed by a value. The syntax of the value
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depends on the type of the attribute. String attributes are places in double
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quotes, numeric attributes may be specified as decimal numbers or hexadecimal
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with a leading dollar sign. There are also attributes where the attribute
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value is a keyword, in this case the keyword is given as is (without quotes or
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anything). Each attribute is terminated by a semicolon.
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<tscreen><verb>
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group-name { attribute1 attribute-value; attribute2 attribute-value; }
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</verb></tscreen>
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<sect1>Specifying global options<p>
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Global options may be specified in a group with the name <tt/GLOBAL/. The
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following attributes are recognized:
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<descrip>
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<tag><tt>INPUTNAME</tt></tag>
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The attribute is followed by a string value, which gives the name of the
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input file to read. If it is present, the disassembler does not accept an
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input file name on the command line.
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<tag><tt>OUTPUTNAME</tt></tag>
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The attribute is followed by string value, which gives the name of the
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output file to write. If it is present, specification of an output file on
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the command line using the <tt><ref id="option-o" name="-o"></tt> option is
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not allowed.
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If no output name is specified, the name of the input file with the
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extension replaced by ".dis" is used.
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<tag><tt>PAGELENGTH</tt></tag>
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This attribute may be used instead of the <tt><ref id="option--pagelength"
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name="--pagelength"></tt> option on the command line. It takes a numerical
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parameter. Using zero as page length (which is the default) means that no
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pages are generated.
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<tag><tt>STARTADDR</tt></tag>
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This attribute may be used instead of the <tt><ref id="option--start-addr"
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name="--start-addr"></tt> option on the command line. It takes a numerical
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parameter. The default for the start address is $10000 minus the size of
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the input file (this assumes that the input file is a ROM that contains the
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reset and irq vectors).
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<tag><tt>CPU</tt></tag>
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This attribute may be used instead of the <tt><ref id="option--cpu"
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name="--cpu"></tt> option on the command line. It takes a string parameter.
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</descrip>
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<sect1>Specifying Ranges<p>
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The <tt/RANGE/ directive is used to give information about address ranges. The
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following attributes are recognized:
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<descrip>
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<tag><tt>START</tt></tag>
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This gives the start address of the range.
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<tag><tt>END</tt></tag>
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This gives the end address of the range. The end address is inclusive, that
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means, it is part of the range. Of course, it may not be smaller than the
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start address.
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<tag><tt>TYPE</tt></tag>
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This attribute specifies the type of data within the range. The attribute
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value is one of the following keywords:
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<descrip>
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<tag><tt>CODE</tt></tag>
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The range consists of code.
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<tag><tt>BYTETABLE</tt></tag>
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The range consists of data and is disassembled as a byte table.
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<tag><tt>WORDTABLE</tt></tag>
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The range consists of data and is disassembled as a table of words
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(16 bit values).
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<tag><tt>DWORDTABLE</tt></tag>
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The range consists of data and is disassembled as a table of double
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words (32 bit values).
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<tag><tt>ADDRTABLE</tt></tag>
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The range consists of data and is disassembled as a table of words
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(16 bit values). The difference to the <tt/WORDTABLE/ type is that
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a label is defined for each entry in the table.
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<tag><tt>RTSTABLE</tt></tag>
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The range consists of data and is disassembled as a table of words (16 bit
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values). The values are interpreted as words that are pushed onto the
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stack and jump to it via <tt/RTS/. This means that they contain
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<tt/address-1/ of a function, for which a label will get defined by the
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disassembler.
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<tag><tt>TEXTTABLE</tt></tag>
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The range consists of readable text.
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</descrip>
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</descrip>
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<sect1>Specifying Labels<p>
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The <tt/LABEL/ directive is used to give names for labels in the disassembled
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code. The following attributes are recognized:
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<descrip>
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<tag><tt>NAME</tt></tag>
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The attribute is followed by a string value which gives the name of the
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label.
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<tag><tt>ADDR</tt></tag>
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Followed by a numerical value. Specifies the value of the label.
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<tag><tt>SIZE</tt></tag>
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This attribute is optional and may be used to specifiy the size of the data
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that follows. If a size greater than 1 is specified, the disassembler will
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create labels in the form <tt/label+offs/ for all bytes within the given
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range, where <tt/label/ is the label name given with the <tt/NAME/
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attribute, and <tt/offs/ is the offset within the data.
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</descrip>
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<sect1>An Info File Example<p>
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The following is a short example for an info file that contains most of the
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directives explained above:
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<tscreen><verb>
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GLOBAL {
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OUTPUTNAME "kernal.s";
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INPUTNAME "kernal.bin";
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STARTADDR $E000;
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PAGELENGTH 0; # No paging
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CPU "6502";
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};
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RANGE { START $E612; END $E631; TYPE Code; };
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RANGE { START $E632; END $E640; TYPE ByteTable; };
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RANGE { START $EA51; END $EA84; TYPE RtsTable; };
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RANGE { START $EC6C; END $ECAB; TYPE RtsTable; };
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RANGE { START $ED08; END $ED11; TYPE AddrTable; };
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# Zero page variables
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LABEL { NAME "fnadr"; ADDR $90; SIZE 3; };
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LABEL { NAME "sal"; ADDR $93; };
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LABEL { NAME "sah"; ADDR $94; };
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LABEL { NAME "sas"; ADDR $95; };
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# Stack
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LABEL { NAME "stack"; ADDR $100; SIZE 255; };
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# Indirect vectors
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LABEL { NAME "cinv"; ADDR $300; SIZE 2; }; # IRQ
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LABEL { NAME "cbinv"; ADDR $302; SIZE 2; }; # BRK
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LABEL { NAME "nminv"; ADDR $304; SIZE 2; }; # NMI
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# Jump table at end of kernal ROM
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LABEL { NAME "kscrorg"; ADDR $FFED; };
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LABEL { NAME "kplot"; ADDR $FFF0; };
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LABEL { NAME "kiobase"; ADDR $FFF3; };
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LABEL { NAME "kgbye"; ADDR $FFF6; };
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# Hardware vectors
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LABEL { NAME "hanmi"; ADDR $FFFA; };
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LABEL { NAME "hares"; ADDR $FFFC; };
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LABEL { NAME "hairq"; ADDR $FFFE; };
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</verb></tscreen>
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<sect>Bugs/Feedback<p>
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If you have problems using the disassembler, if you find any bugs, or if
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you're doing something interesting with the assembler, I would be glad to hear
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from you. Feel free to contact me by email (<htmlurl url="mailto:uz@cc65.org"
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name="uz@cc65.org">).
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<sect>Copyright<p>
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da65 (and all cc65 binutils) are (C) Copyright 1998-2003 Ullrich von
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Bassewitz. For usage of the binaries and/or sources the following
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conditions do apply:
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This software is provided 'as-is', without any expressed or implied
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warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
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arising from the use of this software.
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Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
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including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
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freely, subject to the following restrictions:
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<enum>
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<item> The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
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claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
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in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
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appreciated but is not required.
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<item> Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
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be misrepresented as being the original software.
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<item> This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
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distribution.
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</enum>
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</article>
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