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297 lines
9.1 KiB
Plaintext
297 lines
9.1 KiB
Plaintext
<!doctype linuxdoc system>
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<article>
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<title>Atari 5200 specific information for cc65
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<author>
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<url url="mailto:chris@groessler.org" name="Christian Groessler"><newline>
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<abstract>
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An overview over the Atari 5200 runtime system as it is implemented for the
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cc65 C compiler.
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</abstract>
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<!-- Table of contents -->
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<toc>
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<!-- Begin the document -->
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<sect>Overview<p>
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This file contains an overview of the Atari 5200 runtime system as it comes
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with the cc65 C compiler. It describes the memory layout, Atari 5200 specific header
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files, available drivers, and any pitfalls specific to that platform.
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Please note that Atari 5200 specific functions are just mentioned here, they are
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described in detail in the separate <url url="funcref.html" name="function
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reference">. Even functions marked as "platform dependent" may be available on
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more than one platform. Please see the function reference for more
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information.
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<sect>Binary format<p>
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The binary output format generated by the linker for the Atari 5200 target
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is a cartridge image. It is of course
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possible to change this behaviour by using a modified startup file and linker
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config.
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<sect>Memory layout<p>
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cc65 generated programs with the default setup use the RAM space from $021C to
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$3FFF. If you want to reserve memory for the display list and screen buffer
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you should define the __RESERVED_MEMORY__ linker variable. The number
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of bytes specified by __RESERVED_MEMORY__ are lowering the top of
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memory, therefore the available
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RAM memory for the program is $021C to $3FFF-__RESERVED_MEMORY__.
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The default linker config file sets __RESERVED_MEMORY__ to $1E0
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to reserve space for an optional CONIO text screen.
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Special locations:
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<descrip>
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<tag/Text screen/
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The text screen is only enabled if any of the CONIO output functions
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is used in the program. Its size is 20x24 characters (Antic mode 6,
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BASIC mode 1) by default. The text screen is located at $3E00. The
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address of the screen memory is available at runtime in the variable
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SAVMSC ($001B).<p>
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If the program doesn't use any CONIO output functions it needs to setup its own
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display list.
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<tag/Stack/
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The C runtime stack is located at $3FFF-__RESERVED_MEMORY__ and growing downwards.
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<tag/Heap/
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The C heap is located at the end of the program and grows towards the C
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runtime stack.
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</descrip><p>
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<sect>Platform specific header files<p>
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Programs containing Atari 5200 specific code may use the <tt/atari5200.h/ header file.
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This also includes access to operating system locations (e.g. hardware shadow registers) by a structure called
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"<tt/OS/".
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The names are the usual ones you can find in system reference manuals. Example:
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<tscreen><verb>
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...
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OS.sdmctl = 0x00; // screen off
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OS.color4 = 14; // white frame
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tics = OS.rtclok[1] // get ticks
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...
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</verb></tscreen>
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<sect1>Atari 5200 specific functions<p>
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<itemize>
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<item>waitvsync
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</itemize>
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<sect1>Hardware access<p>
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The following pseudo variables declared in the <tt/atari5200.h/ header
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file do allow access to hardware located in the address space. Some
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variables are structures, accessing the struct fields will access the
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chip registers.
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<descrip>
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<tag><tt/GTIA_READ/ and <tt/GTIA_WRITE/</tag>
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The <tt/GTIA_READ/ structure allows read access to the GTIA. The
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<tt/GTIA_WRITE/ structure allows write access to the GTIA.
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See the <tt/_gtia.h/ header file located in the include directory
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for the declaration of the structure.
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<tag><tt/POKEY_READ/ and <tt/POKEY_WRITE/</tag>
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The <tt/POKEY_READ/ structure allows read access to the POKEY. The
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<tt/POKEY_WRITE/ structure allows write access to the POKEY.
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See the <tt/_pokey.h/ header file located in the include directory
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for the declaration of the structure.
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<tag><tt/ANTIC/</tag>
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The <tt/ANTIC/ structure allows read access to the ANTIC.
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See the <tt/_antic.h/ header file located in the include directory
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for the declaration of the structure.
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</descrip><p>
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<sect>Loadable drivers<p>
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All drivers must be statically linked because no disk I/O is available.
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The names in the parentheses denote the symbols to be used for static linking of the drivers.
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<sect1>Graphics drivers<p>
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No graphics drivers are currently available for the Atari 5200.
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<sect1>Extended memory drivers<p>
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No extended memory drivers are available for the Atari 5200.
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<sect1>Joystick drivers<p>
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<descrip>
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<tag><tt/atr5200std.joy (atr5200std_joy)/</tag>
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A joystick driver for the standard Atari 5200 joystick is
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available. Depending on the version of the 5200 console, two or four joysticks can be attached.
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</descrip><p>
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<sect1>Mouse drivers<p>
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No mouse drivers are available for the Atari 5200.
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<sect1>RS232 device drivers<p>
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No serial drivers are available for the Atari 5200.
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<sect>Limitations<p>
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<sect1>Direct console I/O<p>
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The <tt/atari5200/ target uses Antic mode 6 (BASIC mode 1) for the console
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screen by default. There are four colors available:
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<itemize>
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<item><tt/COLOR_WHITE/
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<item><tt/COLOR_RED/
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<item><tt/COLOR_GREEN/
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<item><tt/COLOR_BLACK/
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</itemize>
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Note that the <tt/COLOR_GREEN/ and <tt/COLOR_RED/ colors aren't
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exactly the same colors as the ones with the same name on the
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<tt/atari/ target.
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They are the colors which are available as <tt/COLOR_LIGHTGREEN/
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and <tt/COLOR_LIGHTRED/ there.
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One can set the color shadow registers directly with other colors.
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Then the color defines from above will just become placeholders. In
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this scenario it might be more convenient to use index values (0..3)
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instead of the color defines. The index values specify which of the
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system shadow color registers (<tt/COLOR0/ .. <tt/COLOR3/) to use.
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The default console screen has a layout of 20x24 characters. An
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alternative layout, 20x12, Antic mode 7, BASIC mode 2, is provided in
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the file <tt/atari5200-conioscreen-20x12.o/.
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Using <tt/atari5200-conioscreen-20x12.o/ is as simple as placing it on
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the linker command line like this:
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<tscreen><verb>
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cl65 -t atari5200 myprog.c atari5200-conioscreen-20x12.o
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</verb></tscreen>
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<sect1>Disk I/O<p>
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Disk I/O is not supported by the <tt/atari5200/ target. This means that
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you cannot use any of the following functions (and a few others):
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<itemize>
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<item>fclose
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<item>fopen
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<item>fread
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<item>fprintf
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<item>fputc
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<item>fscanf
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<item>fwrite
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<item>...
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</itemize>
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<sect>Other hints<p>
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<sect1>CAR format<p>
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AtariROMMaker (<url url="https://www.wudsn.com/index.php/productions-atari800/tools/atarirommaker"> )
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can be used to create a <tt/.CAR/ file from the binary ROM image cc65 generates.
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This might be more convenient when working with emulators.
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<sect1>Changing the splash screen<p>
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The 5200 ROM displays a splash screen at startup with the name of the
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game and the copyright year. The year information has a 'Year-2000'
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problem, the first two digits are fixed in the ROM and are always "19".
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<sect2>Changing the game name<p>
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The runtime library provides a default game name which is "cc65
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compiled". To change that, one has to link a file which puts data into
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the "<tt/CARTNAME/" segment.
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For reference, here's the default version used by the cc65 libary:
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<tscreen><verb>
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.export __CART_NAME__: absolute = 1
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.macpack atari
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.segment "CARTNAME"
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scrcode " cc"
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.byte '6' + 32, '5' + 32 ; use playfield 1
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scrcode " compiled"
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</verb></tscreen>
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'<tt/__CART_NAME__/' needs to be defined in order that the linker is
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satisfied and doesn't try to include the version of the runtime library.
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20 bytes are available in the <tt/CARTNAME/ segment (one line) for the
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game/program name.
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<sect2>Changing the copyright year / changing the cartridge type<p>
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The century is hard-coded to 1900 by the ROM.
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There are two digits which can be changed. For example "92" will give
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"1992" on the screen.
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The default used by the runtime library is
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<tscreen><verb>
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.export __CART_YEAR__: absolute = 1
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.segment "CARTYEAR"
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.byte '9' + 32,'8' + 32 ; "98", using playfield 1
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</verb></tscreen>
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If the second byte of the year in the <tt/CARTYEAR/ segment is 255,
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the cartridge is seen as a 'diagnostic' cartridge, and the splash
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screen and most of the other startup initializations are bypassed.
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<sect>License<p>
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This software is provided 'as-is', without any expressed or implied
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warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
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arising from the use of this software.
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Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
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including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
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freely, subject to the following restrictions:
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<enum>
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<item> The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
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claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
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in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
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appreciated but is not required.
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<item> Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
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be misrepresented as being the original software.
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<item> This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
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distribution.
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</enum>
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</article>
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