llvm-6502/docs/Vectorizers.rst

==========================
Auto-Vectorization in LLVM
==========================

.. contents::
   :local:

LLVM has two vectorizers: The :ref:`Loop Vectorizer <loop-vectorizer>`,
which operates on Loops, and the :ref:`Basic Block Vectorizer
<bb-vectorizer>`, which optimizes straight-line code. These vectorizers
focus on different optimization opportunities and use different techniques.
The BB vectorizer merges multiple scalars that are found in the code into
vectors while the Loop Vectorizer widens instructions in the original loop
to operate on multiple consecutive loop iterations.

.. _loop-vectorizer:

The Loop Vectorizer
===================

Usage
-----

LLVM's Loop Vectorizer is now available and will be useful for many people.
It is not enabled by default, but can be enabled through clang using the
command line flag:

.. code-block:: console

   $ clang -fvectorize -O3 file.c

If the ``-fvectorize`` flag is used then the loop vectorizer will be enabled
when running with ``-O3``, ``-O2``. When ``-Os`` is used, the loop vectorizer
will only vectorize loops that do not require a major increase in code size.

We plan to enable the Loop Vectorizer by default as part of the LLVM 3.3 release.

Command line flags
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The loop vectorizer uses a cost model to decide on the optimal vectorization factor
and unroll factor. However, users of the vectorizer can force the vectorizer to use
specific values. Both 'clang' and 'opt' support the flags below.

Users can control the vectorization SIMD width using the command line flag "-force-vector-width".

.. code-block:: console

  $ clang  -mllvm -force-vector-width=8 ...
  $ opt -loop-vectorize -force-vector-width=8 ...

Users can control the unroll factor using the command line flag "-force-vector-unroll"

.. code-block:: console

  $ clang  -mllvm -force-vector-unroll=2 ...
  $ opt -loop-vectorize -force-vector-unroll=2 ...

Features
--------

The LLVM Loop Vectorizer has a number of features that allow it to vectorize
complex loops.

Loops with unknown trip count
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The Loop Vectorizer supports loops with an unknown trip count.
In the loop below, the iteration ``start`` and ``finish`` points are unknown,
and the Loop Vectorizer has a mechanism to vectorize loops that do not start
at zero. In this example, 'n' may not be a multiple of the vector width, and
the vectorizer has to execute the last few iterations as scalar code. Keeping
a scalar copy of the loop increases the code size.

.. code-block:: c++

  void bar(float *A, float* B, float K, int start, int end) {
    for (int i = start; i < end; ++i)
      A[i] *= B[i] + K;
  }

Runtime Checks of Pointers
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In the example below, if the pointers A and B point to consecutive addresses,
then it is illegal to vectorize the code because some elements of A will be
written before they are read from array B.

Some programmers use the 'restrict' keyword to notify the compiler that the
pointers are disjointed, but in our example, the Loop Vectorizer has no way of
knowing that the pointers A and B are unique. The Loop Vectorizer handles this
loop by placing code that checks, at runtime, if the arrays A and B point to
disjointed memory locations. If arrays A and B overlap, then the scalar version
of the loop is executed.

.. code-block:: c++

  void bar(float *A, float* B, float K, int n) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
      A[i] *= B[i] + K;
  }


Reductions
^^^^^^^^^^

In this example the ``sum`` variable is used by consecutive iterations of
the loop. Normally, this would prevent vectorization, but the vectorizer can
detect that 'sum' is a reduction variable. The variable 'sum' becomes a vector
of integers, and at the end of the loop the elements of the array are added
together to create the correct result. We support a number of different
reduction operations, such as addition, multiplication, XOR, AND and OR.

.. code-block:: c++

  int foo(int *A, int *B, int n) {
    unsigned sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
      sum += A[i] + 5;
    return sum;
  }

We support floating point reduction operations when `-ffast-math` is used.

Inductions
^^^^^^^^^^

In this example the value of the induction variable ``i`` is saved into an
array. The Loop Vectorizer knows to vectorize induction variables.

.. code-block:: c++

  void bar(float *A, float* B, float K, int n) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
      A[i] = i;
  }

If Conversion
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The Loop Vectorizer is able to "flatten" the IF statement in the code and
generate a single stream of instructions. The Loop Vectorizer supports any
control flow in the innermost loop. The innermost loop may contain complex
nesting of IFs, ELSEs and even GOTOs.

.. code-block:: c++

  int foo(int *A, int *B, int n) {
    unsigned sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
      if (A[i] > B[i])
        sum += A[i] + 5;
    return sum;
  }

Pointer Induction Variables
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This example uses the "accumulate" function of the standard c++ library. This
loop uses C++ iterators, which are pointers, and not integer indices.
The Loop Vectorizer detects pointer induction variables and can vectorize
this loop. This feature is important because many C++ programs use iterators.

.. code-block:: c++

  int baz(int *A, int n) {
    return std::accumulate(A, A + n, 0);
  }

Reverse Iterators
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The Loop Vectorizer can vectorize loops that count backwards.

.. code-block:: c++

  int foo(int *A, int *B, int n) {
    for (int i = n; i > 0; --i)
      A[i] +=1;
  }

Scatter / Gather
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The Loop Vectorizer can vectorize code that becomes a sequence of scalar instructions 
that scatter/gathers memory.

.. code-block:: c++

  int foo(int *A, int *B, int n, int k) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
      A[i*7] += B[i*k];
  }

Vectorization of Mixed Types
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The Loop Vectorizer can vectorize programs with mixed types. The Vectorizer
cost model can estimate the cost of the type conversion and decide if
vectorization is profitable.

.. code-block:: c++

  int foo(int *A, char *B, int n, int k) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
      A[i] += 4 * B[i];
  }

Global Structures Alias Analysis
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Access to global structures can also be vectorized, with alias analysis being
used to make sure accesses don't alias. Run-time checks can also be added on
pointer access to structure members.

Many variations are supported, but some that rely on undefined behaviour being
ignored (as other compilers do) are still being left un-vectorized.

.. code-block:: c++

  struct { int A[100], K, B[100]; } Foo;

  int foo() {
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
      Foo.A[i] = Foo.B[i] + 100;
  }

Vectorization of function calls
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The Loop Vectorize can vectorize intrinsic math functions.
See the table below for a list of these functions.

+-----+-----+---------+
| pow | exp |  exp2   |
+-----+-----+---------+
| sin | cos |  sqrt   |
+-----+-----+---------+
| log |log2 |  log10  |
+-----+-----+---------+
|fabs |floor|  ceil   |
+-----+-----+---------+
|fma  |trunc|nearbyint|
+-----+-----+---------+
|     |     | fmuladd |
+-----+-----+---------+


Partial unrolling during vectorization
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Modern processors feature multiple execution units, and only programs that contain a
high degree of parallelism can fully utilize the entire width of the machine. 
The Loop Vectorizer increases the instruction level parallelism (ILP) by 
performing partial-unrolling of loops.

In the example below the entire array is accumulated into the variable 'sum'.
This is inefficient because only a single execution port can be used by the processor.
By unrolling the code the Loop Vectorizer allows two or more execution ports
to be used simultaneously.

.. code-block:: c++

  int foo(int *A, int *B, int n) {
    unsigned sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        sum += A[i];
    return sum;
  }

The Loop Vectorizer uses a cost model to decide when it is profitable to unroll loops.
The decision to unroll the loop depends on the register pressure and the generated code size. 

Performance
-----------

This section shows the the execution time of Clang on a simple benchmark:
`gcc-loops <http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/test-suite/trunk/SingleSource/UnitTests/Vectorizer/>`_.
This benchmarks is a collection of loops from the GCC autovectorization
`page <http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/tree-ssa/vectorization.html>`_ by Dorit Nuzman.

The chart below compares GCC-4.7, ICC-13, and Clang-SVN with and without loop vectorization at -O3, tuned for "corei7-avx", running on a Sandybridge iMac.
The Y-axis shows the time in msec. Lower is better. The last column shows the geomean of all the kernels.

.. image:: gcc-loops.png

And Linpack-pc with the same configuration. Result is Mflops, higher is better.

.. image:: linpack-pc.png

.. _bb-vectorizer:

The Basic Block Vectorizer
==========================

Usage
------

The Basic Block Vectorizer is not enabled by default, but it can be enabled
through clang using the command line flag:

.. code-block:: console

   $ clang -fslp-vectorize file.c

Details
-------

The goal of basic-block vectorization (a.k.a. superword-level parallelism) is
to combine similar independent instructions within simple control-flow regions
into vector instructions. Memory accesses, arithemetic operations, comparison
operations and some math functions can all be vectorized using this technique
(subject to the capabilities of the target architecture).

For example, the following function performs very similar operations on its
inputs (a1, b1) and (a2, b2). The basic-block vectorizer may combine these
into vector operations.

.. code-block:: c++

  int foo(int a1, int a2, int b1, int b2) {
    int r1 = a1*(a1 + b1)/b1 + 50*b1/a1;
    int r2 = a2*(a2 + b2)/b2 + 50*b2/a2;
    return r1 + r2;
  }