size bloat. Unfortunately, I expect this to disable the majority of the
benefit from r152737. I'm hopeful at least that it will fix PR12345. To
explain this requires... quite a bit of backstory I'm afraid.
TL;DR: The change in r152737 actually did The Wrong Thing for
linkonce-odr functions. This change makes it do the right thing. The
benefits we saw were simple luck, not any actual strategy. Benchmark
numbers after a mini-blog-post so that I've written down my thoughts on
why all of this works and doesn't work...
To understand what's going on here, you have to understand how the
"bottom-up" inliner actually works. There are two fundamental modes to
the inliner:
1) Standard fixed-cost bottom-up inlining. This is the mode we usually
think about. It walks from the bottom of the CFG up to the top,
looking at callsites, taking information about the callsite and the
called function and computing th expected cost of inlining into that
callsite. If the cost is under a fixed threshold, it inlines. It's
a touch more complicated than that due to all the bonuses, weights,
etc. Inlining the last callsite to an internal function gets higher
weighth, etc. But essentially, this is the mode of operation.
2) Deferred bottom-up inlining (a term I just made up). This is the
interesting mode for this patch an r152737. Initially, this works
just like mode #1, but once we have the cost of inlining into the
callsite, we don't just compare it with a fixed threshold. First, we
check something else. Let's give some names to the entities at this
point, or we'll end up hopelessly confused. We're considering
inlining a function 'A' into its callsite within a function 'B'. We
want to check whether 'B' has any callers, and whether it might be
inlined into those callers. If so, we also check whether inlining 'A'
into 'B' would block any of the opportunities for inlining 'B' into
its callers. We take the sum of the costs of inlining 'B' into its
callers where that inlining would be blocked by inlining 'A' into
'B', and if that cost is less than the cost of inlining 'A' into 'B',
then we skip inlining 'A' into 'B'.
Now, in order for #2 to make sense, we have to have some confidence that
we will actually have the opportunity to inline 'B' into its callers
when cheaper, *and* that we'll be able to revisit the decision and
inline 'A' into 'B' if that ever becomes the correct tradeoff. This
often isn't true for external functions -- we can see very few of their
callers, and we won't be able to re-consider inlining 'A' into 'B' if
'B' is external when we finally see more callers of 'B'. There are two
cases where we believe this to be true for C/C++ code: functions local
to a translation unit, and functions with an inline definition in every
translation unit which uses them. These are represented as internal
linkage and linkonce-odr (resp.) in LLVM. I enabled this logic for
linkonce-odr in r152737.
Unfortunately, when I did that, I also introduced a subtle bug. There
was an implicit assumption that the last caller of the function within
the TU was the last caller of the function in the program. We want to
bonus the last caller of the function in the program by a huge amount
for inlining because inlining that callsite has very little cost.
Unfortunately, the last caller in the TU of a linkonce-odr function is
*not* the last caller in the program, and so we don't want to apply this
bonus. If we do, we can apply it to one callsite *per-TU*. Because of
the way deferred inlining works, when it sees this bonus applied to one
callsite in the TU for 'B', it decides that inlining 'B' is of the
*utmost* importance just so we can get that final bonus. It then
proceeds to essentially force deferred inlining regardless of the actual
cost tradeoff.
The result? PR12345: code bloat, code bloat, code bloat. Another result
is getting *damn* lucky on a few benchmarks, and the over-inlining
exposing critically important optimizations. I would very much like
a list of benchmarks that regress after this change goes in, with
bitcode before and after. This will help me greatly understand what
opportunities the current cost analysis is missing.
Initial benchmark numbers look very good. WebKit files that exhibited
the worst of PR12345 went from growing to shrinking compared to Clang
with r152737 reverted.
- Bootstrapped Clang is 3% smaller with this change.
- Bootstrapped Clang -O0 over a single-source-file of lib/Lex is 4%
faster with this change.
Please let me know about any other performance impact you see. Thanks to
Nico for reporting and urging me to actually fix, Richard Smith, Duncan
Sands, Manuel Klimek, and Benjamin Kramer for talking through the issues
today.
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to instead rely on much more generic and powerful instruction
simplification in the function cloner (and thus inliner).
This teaches the pruning function cloner to use instsimplify rather than
just the constant folder to fold values during cloning. This can
simplify a large number of things that constant folding alone cannot
begin to touch. For example, it will realize that 'or' and 'and'
instructions with certain constant operands actually become constants
regardless of what their other operand is. It also can thread back
through the caller to perform simplifications that are only possible by
looking up a few levels. In particular, GEPs and pointer testing tend to
fold much more heavily with this change.
This should (in some cases) have a positive impact on compile times with
optimizations on because the inliner itself will simply avoid cloning
a great deal of code. It already attempted to prune proven-dead code,
but now it will be use the stronger simplifications to prove more code
dead.
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directly query the function information which this set was representing.
This simplifies the interface of the inline cost analysis, and makes the
always-inline pass significantly more efficient.
Previously, always-inline would first make a single set of every
function in the module *except* those marked with the always-inline
attribute. It would then query this set at every call site to see if the
function was a member of the set, and if so, refuse to inline it. This
is quite wasteful. Instead, simply check the function attribute directly
when looking at the callsite.
The normal inliner also had similar redundancy. It added every function
in the module with the noinline attribute to its set to ignore, even
though inside the cost analysis function we *already tested* the
noinline attribute and produced the same result.
The only tricky part of removing this is that we have to be able to
correctly remove only the functions inlined by the always-inline pass
when finalizing, which requires a bit of a hack. Still, much less of
a hack than the set of all non-always-inline functions was. While I was
touching this function, I switched a heavy-weight set to a vector with
sort+unique. The algorithm already had a two-phase insert and removal
pattern, we were just needlessly paying the uniquing cost on every
insert.
This probably speeds up some compiles by a small amount (-O0 compiles
with lots of always-inline, so potentially heavy libc++ users), but I've
not tried to measure it.
I believe there is no functional change here, but yell if you spot one.
None are intended.
Finally, the direction this is going in is to greatly simplify the
inline cost query interface so that we can replace its implementation
with a much more clever one. Along the way, all the APIs get simplified,
so it seems incrementally good.
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which are small enough to themselves be inlined. Delaying in this manner
can be harmful if the function is inelligible for inlining in some (or
many) contexts as it pessimizes the code of the function itself in the
event that inlining does not eventually happen.
Previously the check was written to only do this delaying of inlining
for static functions in the hope that they could be entirely deleted and
in the knowledge that all callers of static functions will have the
opportunity to inline if it is in fact profitable. However, with C++ we
get two other important sources of functions where the definition is
always available for inlining: inline functions and templated functions.
This patch generalizes the inliner to allow linkonce-ODR (the linkage
such C++ routines receive) to also qualify for this delay-based
inlining.
Benchmarking across a range of large real-world applications shows
roughly 2% size increase across the board, but an average speedup of
about 0.5%. Some benhcmarks improved over 2%, and the 'clang' binary
itself (when bootstrapped with this feature) shows a 1% -O0 performance
improvement when run over all Sema, Lex, and Parse source code smashed
into a single file. A clean re-build of Clang+LLVM with a bootstrapped
Clang shows approximately 2% improvement, but that measurement is often
noisy.
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candidate set for subsequent inlining, try to simplify the arguments to
the inner call site now that inlining has been performed.
The goal here is to propagate and fold constants through deeply nested
call chains. Without doing this, we loose the inliner bonus that should
be applied because the arguments don't match the exact pattern the cost
estimator uses.
Reviewed on IRC by Benjamin Kramer.
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are optimization hints, but at -O0 we're not optimizing. This becomes a problem
when the alwaysinline attribute is abused.
rdar://10921594
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case where a static caller is itself inlined everywhere else, and
thus may go away if it doesn't get too big due to inlining other
things into it. If there are references to the caller other than
calls, it will not be removed; account for this.
This results in same-day completion of the case in PR8853.
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optimization.
Consider:
static void foo() {
A = alloca
...
}
static void bar() {
B = alloca
...
call foo();
}
void main() {
bar()
}
The inliner proceeds bottom up, but lets pretend it decides not to inline foo
into bar. When it gets to main, it inlines bar into main(), and says "hey, I
just inlined an alloca "B" into main, lets remember that. Then it keeps going
and finds that it now contains a call to foo. It decides to inline foo into
main, and says "hey, foo has an alloca A, and I have an alloca B from another
inlined call site, lets reuse it". The problem with this of course, is that
the lifetime of A and B are nested, not disjoint.
Unfortunately I can't create a reasonable testcase for this: the one in the
PR is both huge and extremely sensitive, because you minor tweaks end up
causing foo to get inlined into bar too early. We already have tests for the
basic alloca merging optimization and this does not break them.
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threshold given to createFunctionInliningPass().
Both opt -O3 and clang would silently ignore the -inline-threshold option.
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halting analysis, it is illegal to delete a call to a read-only function.
The correct solution is almost certainly to add a "must halt" attribute and
only allow deletions in its presence.
XFAIL the relevant testcase for now.
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that appear due to inlining a callee as candidates for
futher inlining, but a recent patch made it do this if
those call sites were indirect and became direct.
Unfortunately, in bizarre cases (see testcase) doing this
can cause us to infinitely inline mutually recursive
functions into callers not in the cycle. Fix this by
keeping track of the inline history from which callsite
inline candidates got inlined from.
This shouldn't affect any "real world" code, but is required
for a follow on patch that is coming up next.
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This fixes a bug where calls inlined into an invoke would get
changed into an invoke but the array would keep pointing to
the (now dead) call. The improved inliner behavior is still
disabled for now.
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that appear in the SCC as a result of inlining as candidates
for inlining. Change this so that it *does* consider call
sites that change from being indirect to being direct as a
result of inlining. This allows it to completely
"devirtualize" the testcase.
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arguments are handled with a new InlineFunctionInfo class. This
makes it easier to extend InlineFunction to return more info in the
future.
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to CallGraphSCCPass's instead of passing around a
std::vector<CallGraphNode*>. No functionality change,
but now we have a much tidier interface.
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The Caller cost info would be reset everytime a callee was inlined. If the
caller has lots of calls and there is some mutual recursion going on, the
caller cost info could be calculated many times.
This patch reduces inliner runtime from 240s to 0.5s for a function with 20000
small function calls.
This is a more conservative version of r98089 that doesn't break the clang
test CodeGenCXX/temp-order.cpp. That test relies on rather extreme inlining
for constant folding.
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The Caller cost info would be reset everytime a callee was inlined. If the
caller has lots of calls and there is some mutual recursion going on, the
caller cost info could be calculated many times.
This patch reduces inliner runtime from 240s to 0.5s for a function with 20000
small function calls.
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Functions explicitly marked inline will get an inlining threshold slightly
more aggressive than the default for -O3. This means than -O3 builds are
mostly unaffected while -Os builds will be a bit bigger and faster.
The difference depends entirely on how many 'inline's are sprinkled on the
source.
In the CINT2006 suite, only these tests are significantly affected under -Os:
Size Time
471.omnetpp +1.63% -1.85%
473.astar +4.01% -6.02%
483.xalancbmk +4.60% 0.00%
Note that 483.xalancbmk runs too quickly to give useful timing results.
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This time it's for real! I am going to hook this up in the frontends as well.
The inliner has some experimental heuristics for dealing with the inline hint.
When given a -respect-inlinehint option, functions marked with the inline
keyword are given a threshold just above the default for -O3.
We need some experiments to determine if that is the right thing to do.
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This makes the inliner about as agressive as it was before my changes to the
inliner cost calculations. These levels give the same performance and slightly
smaller code than before.
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No functional change except the forgotten test for
InlineLimit.getNumOccurrences() == 0 in the CurrentThreshold2 calculation.
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running IPSCCP early, and we run functionattrs interlaced with the inliner,
we often (particularly for small or noop functions) completely propagate
all of the information about a call to its call site in IPSSCP (making a call
dead) and functionattrs is smart enough to realize that the function is
readonly (because it is interlaced with inliner).
To improve compile time and make the inliner threshold more accurate, realize
that we don't have to inline dead readonly function calls. Instead, just
delete the call. This happens all the time for C++ codes, here are some
counters from opt/llvm-ld counting the number of times calls were deleted vs
inlined on various apps:
Tramp3d opt:
5033 inline - Number of call sites deleted, not inlined
24596 inline - Number of functions inlined
llvm-ld:
667 inline - Number of functions deleted because all callers found
699 inline - Number of functions inlined
483.xalancbmk opt:
8096 inline - Number of call sites deleted, not inlined
62528 inline - Number of functions inlined
llvm-ld:
217 inline - Number of allocas merged together
2158 inline - Number of functions inlined
471.omnetpp:
331 inline - Number of call sites deleted, not inlined
8981 inline - Number of functions inlined
llvm-ld:
171 inline - Number of functions deleted because all callers found
629 inline - Number of functions inlined
Deleting a call is much faster than inlining it, and is insensitive to the
size of the callee. :)
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constants used in inlining heuristics (especially
those used in more than one file). No functional change.
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and that will make Caller too big to inline, see if it
might be better to inline Caller into its callers instead.
This situation is described in PR 2973, although I haven't
tried the specific case in SPASS.
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indirect function pointer, inline it, then go to delete the body.
The problem is that the callgraph had other references to the function,
though the inliner had no way to know it, so we got a dangling pointer
and an invalid iterator out of the deal.
The fix to this is pretty simple: stop the inliner from deleting the
function by knowing that there are references to it. Do this by making
CallGraphNodes contain a refcount. This requires moving deletion of
available_externally functions to the module-level cleanup sweep where
it belongs.
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argpromotion and structretpromote. Basically, when replacing
a function, they used the 'changeFunction' api which changes
the entry in the function map (and steals/reuses the callgraph
node).
This has some interesting effects: first, the problem is that it doesn't
update the "callee" edges in any callees of the function in the call graph.
Second, this covers for a major problem in all the CGSCC pass stuff, which
is that it is completely broken when functions are deleted if they *don't*
reuse a CGN. (there is a cute little fixme about this though :).
This patch changes the protocol that CGSCC passes must obey: now the CGSCC
pass manager copies the SCC and preincrements its iterator to avoid passes
invalidating it. This allows CGSCC passes to mutate the current SCC. However
multiple passes may be run on that SCC, so if passes do this, they are now
required to *update* the SCC to be current when they return.
Other less interesting parts of this patch are that it makes passes update
the CG more directly, eliminates changeFunction, and requires clients of
replaceCallSite to specify the new callee CGN if they are changing it.
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