Previously, MBP essentially aligned every branch target it could. This
bloats code quite a bit, especially non-looping code which has no real
reason to prefer aligned branch targets so heavily.
As Andy said in review, it's still a bit odd to do this without a real
cost model, but this at least has much more plausible heuristics.
Fixes PR13265.
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We branch to the successor with higher edge weight first.
Convert from
je LBB4_8 --> to outer loop
jmp LBB4_14 --> to inner loop
to
jne LBB4_14
jmp LBB4_8
PR12750
rdar: 11393714
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very first (and worst) placement algorithm. These should now more
accurately reflect the reality of the pass.
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rotation. When there is a loop backedge which is an unconditional
branch, we will end up with a branch somewhere no matter what. Try
placing this backedge in a fallthrough position above the loop header as
that will definitely remove at least one branch from the loop iteration,
where whole loop rotation may not.
I haven't seen any benchmarks where this is important but loop-blocks.ll
tests for it, and so this will be covered when I flip the default.
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laid out in a form with a fallthrough into the header and a fallthrough
out of the bottom. In that case, leave the loop alone because any
rotation will introduce unnecessary branches. If either side looks like
it will require an explicit branch, then the rotation won't add any, do
it to ensure the branch occurs outside of the loop (if possible) and
maximize the benefit of the fallthrough in the bottom.
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This is a complex change that resulted from a great deal of
experimentation with several different benchmarks. The one which proved
the most useful is included as a test case, but I don't know that it
captures all of the relevant changes, as I didn't have specific
regression tests for each, they were more the result of reasoning about
what the old algorithm would possibly do wrong. I'm also failing at the
moment to craft more targeted regression tests for these changes, if
anyone has ideas, it would be welcome.
The first big thing broken with the old algorithm is the idea that we
can take a basic block which has a loop-exiting successor and a looping
successor and use the looping successor as the layout top in order to
get that particular block to be the bottom of the loop after layout.
This happens to work in many cases, but not in all.
The second big thing broken was that we didn't try to select the exit
which fell into the nearest enclosing loop (to which we exit at all). As
a consequence, even if the rotation worked perfectly, it would result in
one of two bad layouts. Either the bottom of the loop would get
fallthrough, skipping across a nearer enclosing loop and thereby making
it discontiguous, or it would be forced to take an explicit jump over
the nearest enclosing loop to earch its successor. The point of the
rotation is to get fallthrough, so we need it to fallthrough to the
nearest loop it can.
The fix to the first issue is to actually layout the loop from the loop
header, and then rotate the loop such that the correct exiting edge can
be a fallthrough edge. This is actually much easier than I anticipated
because we can handle all the hard parts of finding a viable rotation
before we do the layout. We just store that, and then rotate after
layout is finished. No inner loops get split across the post-rotation
backedge because we check for them when selecting the rotation.
That fix exposed a latent problem with our exitting block selection --
we should allow the backedge to point into the middle of some inner-loop
chain as there is no real penalty to it, the whole point is that it
*won't* be a fallthrough edge. This may have blocked the rotation at all
in some cases, I have no idea and no test case as I've never seen it in
practice, it was just noticed by inspection.
Finally, all of these fixes, and studying the loops they produce,
highlighted another problem: in rotating loops like this, we sometimes
fail to align the destination of these backwards jumping edges. Fix this
by actually walking the backwards edges rather than relying on loopinfo.
This fixes regressions on heapsort if block placement is enabled as well
as lots of other cases where the previous logic would introduce an
abundance of unnecessary branches into the execution.
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the loop header has a non-loop predecessor which has been pre-fused into
its chain due to unanalyzable branches. In this case, rotating the
header into the body of the loop in order to place a loop exit at the
bottom of the loop is a Very Bad Idea as it makes the loop
non-contiguous.
I'm working on a good test case for this, but it's a bit annoynig to
craft. I should get one shortly, but I'm submitting this now so I can
begin the (lengthy) performance analysis process. An initial run of LNT
looks really, really good, but there is too much noise there for me to
trust it much.
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where a chain outside of the loop block-set ended up in the worklist for
scheduling as part of the contiguous loop. However, asserting the first
block in the chain is in the loop-set isn't a valid check -- we may be
forced to drag a chain into the worklist due to one block in the chain
being part of the loop even though the first block is *not* in the loop.
This occurs when we have been forced to form a chain early due to
un-analyzable branches.
No test case here as I have no idea how to even begin reducing one, and
it will be hopelessly fragile. We have to somehow end up with a loop
header of an inner loop which is a successor of a basic block with an
unanalyzable pair of branch instructions. Ow. Self-host triggers it so
it is unlikely it will regress.
This at least gets block placement back to passing selfhost and the test
suite. There are still a lot of slowdown that I don't like coming out of
block placement, although there are now also a lot of speedups. =[ I'm
seeing swings in both directions up to 10%. I'm going to try to find
time to dig into this and see if we can turn this on for 3.1 as it does
a really good job of cleaning up after some loops that degraded with the
inliner changes.
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Moving toward a uniform style of pass definition to allow easier target configuration.
Globally declare Pass ID.
Globally declare pass initializer.
Use INITIALIZE_PASS consistently.
Add a call to the initializer from CodeGen.cpp.
Remove redundant "createPass" functions and "getPassName" methods.
While cleaning up declarations, cleaned up comments (sorry for large diff).
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fallthrough) in cases where we might fail to rotate an exit to an outer
loop onto the end of the loop chain.
Having *some* rotation, but not performing this rotation, is the primary
fix of thep performance regression with -enable-block-placement for
Olden/em3d (a whopping 30% regression). Still working on reducing the
test case that actually exercises this and the new rotation strategy out
of this code, but I want to check if this regresses other test cases
first as that may indicate it isn't the correct fix.
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was centered around the premise of laying out a loop in a chain, and
then rotating that chain. This is good for preserving contiguous layout,
but bad for actually making sane rotations. In order to keep it safe,
I had to essentially make it impossible to rotate deeply nested loops.
The information needed to correctly reason about a deeply nested loop is
actually available -- *before* we layout the loop. We know the inner
loops are already fused into chains, etc. We lose information the moment
we actually lay out the loop.
The solution was the other alternative for this algorithm I discussed
with Benjamin and some others: rather than rotating the loop
after-the-fact, try to pick a profitable starting block for the loop's
layout, and then use our existing layout logic. I was worried about the
complexity of this "pick" step, but it turns out such complexity is
needed to handle all the important cases I keep teasing out of benchmarks.
This is, I'm afraid, a bit of a work-in-progress. It is still
misbehaving on some likely important cases I'm investigating in Olden.
It also isn't really tested. I'm going to try to craft some interesting
nested-loop test cases, but it's likely to be extremely time consuming
and I don't want to go there until I'm sure I'm testing the correct
behavior. Sadly I can't come up with a way of getting simple, fine
grained test cases for this logic. We need complex loop structures to
even trigger much of it.
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heavily on AnalyzeBranch. That routine doesn't behave as we want given
that rotation occurs mid-way through re-ordering the function. Instead
merely check that there are not unanalyzable branching constructs
present, and then reason about the CFG via successor lists. This
actually simplifies my mental model for all of this as well.
The concrete result is that we now will rotate more loop chains. I've
added a test case from Olden highlighting the effect. There is still
a bit more to do here though in order to regain all of the performance
in Olden.
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pass. This is designed to achieve one of the important optimizations
that the old code placement pass did, but more simply.
This is a somewhat rough and *very* conservative version of the
transform. We could get a lot fancier here if there are profitable cases
to do so. In particular, this only looks for a single pattern, it
insists that the loop backedge being rotated away is the last backedge
in the chain, and it doesn't provide any means of doing better in-loop
placement due to the rotation. However, it appears that it will handle
the important loops I am finding in the LLVM test suite.
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need lots of fanciness around retaining a reference to a Chain's slot in
the BlockToChain map, but that's all gone now. We can just go directly
to allocating the new chain (which will update the mapping for us) and
using it.
Somewhat gross mechanically generated test case replicates the issue
Duncan spotted when actually testing this out.
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conflicts, we should only be adding the first block of the chain to the
list, lest we try to merge into the middle of that chain. Most of the
places we were doing this we already happened to be looking at the first
block, but there is no reason to assume that, and in some cases it was
clearly wrong.
I've added a couple of tests here. One already worked, but I like having
an explicit test for it. The other is reduced from a test case Duncan
reduced for me and used to crash. Now it is handled correctly.
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further. This invariant just wasn't going to work in the face of
unanalyzable branches; we need to be resillient to the phenomenon of
chains poking into a loop and poking out of a loop. In fact, we already
were, we just needed to not assert on it.
This was found during a bootstrap with block placement turned on.
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reversed in the function's original ordering, and we happened to
encounter it while handling an outer unnatural CFG structure.
Thanks to the test case reduced from GCC's source by Benjamin Kramer.
This may also fix a crasher in gzip that Duncan reduced for me, but
I haven't yet gotten to testing that one.
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properly account for the *global* probability of the edge being taken.
This manifested as a very large number of unconditional branches to
blocks being merged against the CFG even though they weren't
particularly hot within the CFG.
The fix is to check whether the edge being merged is both locally hot
relative to other successors for the source block, and globally hot
compared to other (unmerged) predecessors of the destination block.
This introduces a new crasher on GCC single-source, but it's currently
behind a flag, and Ben has offered to work on the reduction. =]
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formation phase and into the initial walk of the basic blocks. We
essentially pre-merge all blocks where unanalyzable fallthrough exists,
as we won't be able to update the terminators effectively after any
reorderings. This is quite a bit more principled as there may be CFGs
where the second half of the unanalyzable pair has some analyzable
predecessor that gets placed first. Then it may get placed next,
implicitly breaking the unanalyzable branch even though we never even
looked at the part that isn't analyzable. I've included a test case that
triggers this (thanks Benjamin yet again!), and I'm hoping to synthesize
some more general ones as I dig into related issues.
Also, to make this new scheme work we have to be able to handle branches
into the middle of a chain, so add this check. We always fallback on the
incoming ordering.
Finally, this starts to really underscore a known limitation of the
current implementation -- we don't consider broken predecessors when
merging successors. This can caused major missed opportunities, and is
something I'm planning on looking at next (modulo more bug reports).
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block sequence when recovering from unanalyzable control flow
constructs, *always* use the function sequence. I'm not sure why I ever
went down the path of trying to use the loop sequence, it is
fundamentally not the correct sequence to use. We're trying to preserve
the incoming layout in the cases of unreasonable control flow, and that
is only encoded at the function level. We already have a filter to
select *exactly* the sub-set of blocks within the function that we're
trying to form into a chain.
The resulting code layout is also significantly better because of this.
In several places we were ending up with completely unreasonable control
flow constructs due to the ordering chosen by the loop structure for its
internal storage. This change removes a completely wasteful vector of
basic blocks, saving memory allocation in the common case even though it
costs us CPU in the fairly rare case of unnatural loops. Finally, it
fixes the latest crasher reduced out of GCC's single source. Thanks
again to Benjamin Kramer for the reduction, my bugpoint skills failed at
it.
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cleans up all the chains allocated during the processing of each
function so that for very large inputs we don't just grow memory usage
without bound.
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tests when I forcibly enabled block placement.
It is apparantly possible for an unanalyzable block to fallthrough to
a non-loop block. I don't actually beleive this is correct, I believe
that 'canFallThrough' is returning true needlessly for the code
construct, and I've left a bit of a FIXME on the verification code to
try to track down why this is coming up.
Anyways, removing the assert doesn't degrade the correctness of the algorithm.
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this pass. We're leaving already merged blocks on the worklist, and
scanning them again and again only to determine each time through that
indeed they aren't viable. We can instead remove them once we're going
to have to scan the worklist. This is the easy way to implement removing
them. If this remains on the profile (as I somewhat suspect it will), we
can get a lot more clever here, as the worklist's order is essentially
irrelevant. We can use swapping and fold the two loops to reduce
overhead even when there are many blocks on the worklist but only a few
of them are removed.
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time it is queried to compute the probability of a single successor.
This makes computing the probability of every successor of a block in
sequence... really really slow. ;] This switches to a linear walk of the
successors rather than a quadratic one. One of several quadratic
behaviors slowing this pass down.
I'm not really thrilled with moving the sum code into the public
interface of MBPI, but I don't (at the moment) have ideas for a better
interface. My direction I'm thinking in for a better interface is to
have MBPI actually retain much more state and make *all* of these
queries cheap. That's a lot of work, and would require invasive changes.
Until then, this seems like the least bad (ie, least quadratic)
solution. Suggestions welcome.
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get loop info structures associated with them, and so we need some way
to make forward progress selecting and placing basic blocks. The
technique used here is pretty brutal -- it just scans the list of blocks
looking for the first unplaced candidate. It keeps placing blocks like
this until the CFG becomes tractable.
The cost is somewhat unfortunate, it requires allocating a vector of all
basic block pointers eagerly. I have some ideas about how to simplify
and optimize this, but I'm trying to get the logic correct first.
Thanks to Benjamin Kramer for the reduced test case out of GCC. Sadly
there are other bugs that GCC is tickling that I'm reducing and working
on now.
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when we fail to place all the blocks of a loop. Currently this is
happening for unnatural loops, and this logic helps more immediately
point to the problem.
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branches that also may involve fallthrough. In the case of blocks with
no fallthrough, we can still re-order the blocks profitably. For example
instruction decoding will in some cases continue past an indirect jump,
making laying out its most likely successor there profitable.
Note, no test case. I don't know how to write a test case that exercises
this logic, but it matches the described desired semantics in
discussions with Jakob and others. If anyone has a nice example of IR
that will trigger this, that would be lovely.
Also note, there are still assertion failures in real world code with
this. I'm digging into those next, now that I know this isn't the cause.
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second algorithm, but only loosely. It is more heavily based on the last
discussion I had with Andy. It continues to walk from the inner-most
loop outward, but there is a key difference. With this algorithm we
ensure that as we visit each loop, the entire loop is merged into
a single chain. At the end, the entire function is treated as a "loop",
and merged into a single chain. This chain forms the desired sequence of
blocks within the function. Switching to a single algorithm removes my
biggest problem with the previous approaches -- they had different
behavior depending on which system triggered the layout. Now there is
exactly one algorithm and one basis for the decision making.
The other key difference is how the chain is formed. This is based
heavily on the idea Andy mentioned of keeping a worklist of blocks that
are viable layout successors based on the CFG. Having this set allows us
to consistently select the best layout successor for each block. It is
expensive though.
The code here remains very rough. There is a lot that needs to be done
to clean up the code, and to make the runtime cost of this pass much
lower. Very much WIP, but this was a giant chunk of code and I'd rather
folks see it sooner than later. Everything remains behind a flag of
course.
I've added a couple of tests to exercise the issues that this iteration
was motivated by: loop structure preservation. I've also fixed one test
that was exhibiting the broken behavior of the previous version.
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the mailing list. Suggestions for other statistics to collect would be
awesome. =]
Currently these are implemented as a separate pass guarded by a separate
flag. I'm not thrilled by that, but I wanted to be able to collect the
statistics for the old code placement as well as the new in order to
have a point of comparison. I'm planning on folding them into the single
pass if / when there is only one pass of interest.
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to get important constant branch probabilities and use them for finding
the best branch out of a set of possibilities.
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discussions with Andy. Fundamentally, the previous algorithm is both
counter productive on several fronts and prioritizing things which
aren't necessarily the most important: static branch prediction.
The new algorithm uses the existing loop CFG structure information to
walk through the CFG itself to layout blocks. It coalesces adjacent
blocks within the loop where the CFG allows based on the most likely
path taken. Finally, it topologically orders the block chains that have
been formed. This allows it to choose a (mostly) topologically valid
ordering which still priorizes fallthrough within the structural
constraints.
As a final twist in the algorithm, it does violate the CFG when it
discovers a "hot" edge, that is an edge that is more than 4x hotter than
the competing edges in the CFG. These are forcibly merged into
a fallthrough chain.
Future transformations that need te be added are rotation of loop exit
conditions to be fallthrough, and better isolation of cold block chains.
I'm also planning on adding statistics to model how well the algorithm
does at laying out blocks based on the probabilities it receives.
The old tests mostly still pass, and I have some new tests to add, but
the nested loops are still behaving very strangely. This almost seems
like working-as-intended as it rotated the exit branch to be
fallthrough, but I'm not convinced this is actually the best layout. It
is well supported by the probabilities for loops we currently get, but
those are pretty broken for nested loops, so this may change later.
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it's a bit more plausible to use this instead of CodePlacementOpt. The
code for this was shamelessly stolen from CodePlacementOpt, and then
trimmed down a bit. There doesn't seem to be much utility in returning
true/false from this pass as we may or may not have rewritten all of the
blocks. Also, the statistic of counting how many loops were aligned
doesn't seem terribly important so I removed it. If folks would like it
to be included, I'm happy to add it back.
This was probably the most egregious of the missing features, and now
I'm going to start gathering some performance numbers and looking at
specific loop structures that have different layout between the two.
Test is updated to include both basic loop alignment and nested loop
alignment.
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block frequency analyses. This differs substantially from the existing
block-placement pass in LLVM:
1) It operates on the Machine-IR in the CodeGen layer. This exposes much
more (and more precise) information and opportunities. Also, the
results are more stable due to fewer transforms ocurring after the
pass runs.
2) It uses the generalized probability and frequency analyses. These can
model static heuristics, code annotation derived heuristics as well
as eventual profile loading. By basing the optimization on the
analysis interface it can work from any (or a combination) of these
inputs.
3) It uses a more aggressive algorithm, both building chains from tho
bottom up to maximize benefit, and using an SCC-based walk to layout
chains of blocks in a profitable ordering without O(N^2) iterations
which the old pass involves.
The pass is currently gated behind a flag, and not enabled by default
because it still needs to grow some important features. Most notably, it
needs to support loop aligning and careful layout of loop structures
much as done by hand currently in CodePlacementOpt. Once it supports
these, and has sufficient testing and quality tuning, it should replace
both of these passes.
Thanks to Nick Lewycky and Richard Smith for help authoring & debugging
this, and to Jakob, Andy, Eric, Jim, and probably a few others I'm
forgetting for reviewing and answering all my questions. Writing
a backend pass is *sooo* much better now than it used to be. =D
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