Adam Mayer
GitHub
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# The Apple 410 Color Plotter
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## Quick introduction and apology
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Everything below (other than the dip switch settings) was sussed out by
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ripping the ROM, extracting the self-test script and the command lookup table, and
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trial and error. Now that the manual is included in this folder, this could possibly
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be updated.
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## General concepts
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The way the 401 interprets a coordinate at any given time depends on the current
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viewport and window settings. The "viewport" is a rectangle specified in hardware
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absolute coordinates and defines the physical area in which coordinates are resolved.
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The "window" defines the virtual coordinates of the drawing area, which are then
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mapped to the viewport.
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All drawing operations are clipped to the current viewport and window; parts of
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arcs, circles, lines, etc. that would be rendered outside the viewport are not
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drawn.
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If the size of the window has a different aspect ratio than the size of the viewport,
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the elements drawn will be stretched to fit. You can use this mechanism to draw ellipses
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or stretched text.
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Commands sent to the 401 are terminated by the ASCII "end of text" delimiter, 0x03.
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A semicolon or newline may also be used in some situations; however it's safest to
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terminate a text-writing command (PL) with 0x03.
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## Units
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The base units for the viewport (as used in the VP command) are approximately 1 unit
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= 0.1mm. (In practice, this is slightly off, so I don't recommend drawing any rulers
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with this machine.)
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### Serial connection
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The 8 DIP switches (SW1-SW8) on the back of the plotter are used to configure the
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serial interface.
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SW1 selects the data bits. ON = 7 bits, OFF = 8 bits.
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SW2 selects whether parity is used. ON = no parity bit, OFF = use a parity bit.
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If parity is selected, SW3 determines the type of parity bit. ON = odd parity,
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OFF = even parity.
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SW4 and SW5 select the number of stop bits:
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| SW4 | SW5 | Stop bits |
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|------|------|---------------|
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| OFF | OFF | 2 stop bits |
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| ON | OFF | 1.5 stop bits |
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| OFF | ON | 1 stop bit |
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| ON | ON | invalid |
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SW6, SW7, and SW8 select the baud rate:
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| SW6 | SW7 | SW8 | Baud |
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|-----|-----|-----|------------|
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| OFF | OFF | OFF | 75 baud |
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| OFF | OFF | ON | 150 baud |
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| OFF | ON | OFF | 300 baud |
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| OFF | ON | ON | 600 baud |
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| ON | OFF | OFF | 1200 baud |
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| ON | OFF | ON | 2400 baud |
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| ON | ON | OFF | 4800 baud |
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| ON | ON | ON | 9600 baud |
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**The 401 uses hardware handshaking.** It never returns data to the computer
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over the serial line and sets DSR when its internal buffer is full. Sending even
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one byte after the DSR line has been set will corrupt the 401's command buffer
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and trigger an error. Most USB to RS232 cables will attempt to bundle up several
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bytes before transmission, so unless you're sure that your cable can handle it
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I recommend flushing the serial connection after every byte and checking the DSR
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line yourself.
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## Command Reference
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### Move Absolute (MA)
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```
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MAx,y
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```
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Raise the pen and move the plotter head to the position specified by the x,y coordinates.
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Params: 2
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### Move relative (MR)
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```
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MRx,y
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```
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Raise the pen and move the plotter head to a position offset x,y from its
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current position.
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Params: 2
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### Draw absolute (DA)
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```
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DAx,y(,x,y..)
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```
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Lower the pen and draw a line from the current position to the position
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specified by the x,y coordinates. If more than one coordinate pair is
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specified, continues to draw lines to the subsequent points as well.
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Params: 2(+2*n)
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### Draw relative (DR)
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```
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DRx,y(,x,y..)
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```
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Lower the pen and draw a line from the current position to the position
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offset x,y for its current position. If more than one coordinate pair is
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specified, continues to draw lines to the subsequent offset points as well.
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Params: 2(+2*n)
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### Circle (CA)
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```
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CAr(,x,y)
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```
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Lower the pen and draw a circle of radius r centered at x,y. If x,y are not
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specified the circle will be centered at the current position.
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Params: 1 or 3
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### Letter Initialize (LI)
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```
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LI
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```
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Reset the text format.
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### Letter size (LS)
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```
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LSs
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```
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Sets the font size to s (?? in what units? relative to what system of coordinates? ??)
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Params: 1
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### Letter rotation (LR)
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```
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LRθ
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```
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Sets the angle to draw subsequent text at θ degrees clockwise.
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Params: 1
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### Print letters (PL)
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```
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PLtext
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```
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Lower the pen and draw the specified text at the current position,
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using the currently active letter size and rotation settings.
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Params : 1 (string)
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### Pen select (PS)
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```
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PSi
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```
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Select pen i (where i is in the range 1-4).
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Params: 1
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### Line type (LT)
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```
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LTp(,k)
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```
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Select the line style for subsequent draw operations. `p` is a value in the
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range 1-9:
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| n | Line style |
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|---|------------------|
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| 0 | Custom pattern (see UL) |
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| 1 | Solid |
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| 2 | Dotted |
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| 3 | Short dash |
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| 4 | Medium dash |
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| 5 | Long dash |
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| 6 | Line w/ dots |
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| 7 | Line w/ one short dash |
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| 8 | Line w/ two dots |
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| 9 | Line w/ two short dashes |
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`k` specifies the repeat length in mesurement units. The default is 100, but the value will persist.
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Params: 1 or 2
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```
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ULd1,m1(,d2,m3,..d6,m6)
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```
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Create a custom pattern for use with subsequent LT0 operations.
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`d` specifies a draw length, `m` specifies a move length.
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### X-axis ticks (XT)
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```
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XTs,d,n,a,b
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```
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Draw an X axis with tick marks as specified. There are two "styles"
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`s` of input available, which determine how the distance `d` parameter
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is interpreted.
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| parameter | function |
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|-----------|---------------------------------------|
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| s | style |
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| d | distance |
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| n | number of tick marks |
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| a | length of tick mark above the axis |
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| b | length of tick mark below the axis |
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The `s` parameter determines how the `d` parameter is interpreted and whether
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the first tick mark (at the "0" point on the axis) is drawn or not:
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| style parameter | description |
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|------------------|-------------------------------------|
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| 0 | d is distance between ticks |
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| 1 | d is total length of axis |
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| 2 | d is distance between ticks, first tick mark is not drawn |
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| 3 | d is total length of axis, first tick mark is not drawn |
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Params: 5
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### Y-axis ticks (YT)
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```
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YTs,d,n,a,b
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```
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Draw a Y axis with tick marks as specified. The parameters are handled
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in the same manner as the `XT` command (see above).
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Params: 5
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### Clear/Reset (CH)
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```
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CH
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```
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Raise the pen and move the plotter head to its original position; usually used
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at the end of a plot.
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Params: 0
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### Point mark (PM)
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```
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PMt
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```
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Draw a marker at the current position. The marker type is specified by the `t`
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parameter. The marker size is determined by the font size setting specified by the
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`LS` command; consider the markers as just special characters.
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The various marker shapes are illustrated in the images below.
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Params: 1
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### Pen velocity (PV)
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```
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PVv
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```
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Sets the drawing velocity `v`, on a scale of 1-10, where 1 is slowest, 10 is fastest.
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The default speed is 10.
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Params: 1
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### Slant lettering (SL)
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```
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SLθ
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```
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Slants subsequent text by an angle specified by `θ` degrees.
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Params: 1
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### Viewport (VP)
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```
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VPx1,y1,x2,y2
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```
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Specifies the viewport area, in absolute coordinates, to draw in. See the introduction
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for an explanation of how the viewport is used. `x1,y1` specify the upper left hand corner
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of the viewport; `x2,y2` specify the lower right hand of the viewport.
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Params: 4
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### Window (WD)
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```
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WDx1,y1,x2,y2
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```
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The window into which to draw. See the introduction for an explanation of how the window
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is used. `x1,y1` specify the upper left hand corner
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of the window; `x2,y2` specify the lower right hand of the window.
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Params: 4
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### Reset (RS)
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```
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RS
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```
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Resets the error bit. If the error LED is lit, it should be extinguished.
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RS will apparently accept some parameters, but it's unknown if this does anything.
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Params: 0 or 1
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### Arc (AC)
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```
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ACr,θ1,θ2(,x,y)
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```
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Draws a circular arc of radius `r` from `θ1` to `θ2`. If x,y are specified, they
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determined the center of the arc's circle. If they are not specified, the current
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position is considered to be the center of the arc's circle.
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After the arc is drawn, the endpoint of the arc is considered to be the new position.
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Params: 3 or 5
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### Error action (IM)
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```
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IMa(,b)
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```
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Selecting error action
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`a` specifies the mode: 0 = turn on error light; 64 = reject commands ; 192 = write message.
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| a | Mode |
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|---|------------------|
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| 0 | Turn on error light |
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| 64 | Reject command |
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| 192 | Write error message |
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Do note that "write message" does not mean to send a response over the serial port; it means
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that it will literally write the error message out on the plotter.
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`b` specifies the errors to filter. Default is 31.
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| a | Error type |
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|---|------------------|
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| 1 | Command not recognized |
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| 2 | Numbers outside range |
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| 4 | Not enough numbers for command |
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| 8 | Bad syntax |
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| 16 | Pen would go outside window |
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### Size Paper (SP)
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```SPn```
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Sets the current paper size. This is essentially a preset "VP" command. The table below of
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drawing area sizes is approximate, based on measuring a rectangle drawn at the extent of the
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entire viewport.
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| n | measurement (in mm) |
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|---|---------------------|
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| 0 | 241 x 175 |
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| 1 | 178 x 240 |
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| 2 | 394 x 240 |
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| 3 | 282 x 280(?) |
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| 4 | 259 x 170 |
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| 5 | 171 x 280(?) |
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| 6 | 326 x 217 |
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| 7 | 218 x 142 |
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| 8 | 143 x 217 |
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## Unknown commands
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PK - ??? - no params/arb (Not in user reference)
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LF - ??? - 1 param ? 0-9 Letter Font
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