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Remove trailing whitespace, normalize dot commands

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T. Joseph Carter 2017-07-20 15:45:47 -07:00
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3
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@ -7,8 +7,5 @@ insert_final_newline = true
trim_trailing_whitespace = true trim_trailing_whitespace = true
max_line_length=80 max_line_length=80
[*.txt]
trim_trailing_whitespace = false
[*.md] [*.md]
trim_trailing_whitespace = false trim_trailing_whitespace = false

28
D1S1/CH1#064000.txt
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@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
.ec ^ .ec^
.na .na
.ll60 .ll60
.m11 .m11
.m22 .m22
.m48 .m48
.fo ''-%- .fo ''-%-
.pn 5 .pn5
.pi0 .pi0
.br .br
.np .np
.ce .ce
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
.sp 2 .sp2
Beneath Apple DOS is intended Beneath Apple DOS is intended
to serve as a companion to Apple's to serve as a companion to Apple's
DOS Manual, providing additional DOS Manual, providing additional
information for the advanced information for the advanced
programmer or programmer or
the novice Apple user who wants to the novice Apple user who wants to
know more about the structure of know more about the structure of
diskettes. diskettes.
It is not the intent of this manual It is not the intent of this manual
to replace the documentation provided to replace the documentation provided
by Apple Computer Inc. by Apple Computer Inc.
Although, for the Although, for the
sake of sake of
continuity, some of the material continuity, some of the material
covered in the Apple manual is also covered in the Apple manual is also
covered here, it will be assumed that covered here, it will be assumed that
the reader is reasonably familiar the reader is reasonably familiar
with the with the
contents of the DOS Manual. Since contents of the DOS Manual. Since
all chapters presented here may not all chapters presented here may not
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ It also draws from application notes,
articles, and discussions with articles, and discussions with
knowledgeable people. This knowledgeable people. This
manual was not prepared with the manual was not prepared with the
assistance of Apple Computer Inc. assistance of Apple Computer Inc.
Although no Although no
guarantee can be made concerning the guarantee can be made concerning the
accuracy of the information accuracy of the information
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ tested.
There were several reasons There were several reasons
for writing Beneath Apple DOS: for writing Beneath Apple DOS:
.SP1 .sp1
.nf .nf
To show direct assembly language access to DOS. To show direct assembly language access to DOS.
.br .br
@ -83,15 +83,15 @@ internal workings of DOS. With the
advent of DOS 3.3, the old 3.2 manual advent of DOS 3.3, the old 3.2 manual
was updated but the body of was updated but the body of
information in it remained information in it remained
essentially intact. Beyond these essentially intact. Beyond these
Apple manuals, Apple manuals,
there have been no significant there have been no significant
additions to the documentation on additions to the documentation on
DOS, DOS,
apart from a few articles in APPLE apart from a few articles in APPLE
user group magazines and newsletters. user group magazines and newsletters.
This manual takes up This manual takes up
where the where the
Disk Operating System Disk Operating System
Manual leaves off. Manual leaves off.
.bp .bp

18
D1S1/CH2#064000.txt
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
.np .np
.ce .ce
CHAPTER 2 - THE EVOLUTION OF DOS CHAPTER 2 - THE EVOLUTION OF DOS
.sp 2 .sp2
Since its introduction, Apple DOS has Since its introduction, Apple DOS has
gone through three major versions. gone through three major versions.
@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ such, it had a number of bugs. With the
movement towards the APPLE II PLUS movement towards the APPLE II PLUS
and the introduction of the AUTOSTART and the introduction of the AUTOSTART
ROM, a new release was needed. ROM, a new release was needed.
.SP1 .sp1
DOS 3.2 - 16 February 1979 DOS 3.2 - 16 February 1979
Although DOS 3.2 embodied more Although DOS 3.2 embodied more
changes from its changes from its
predecessor than any other release of predecessor than any other release of
DOS, 90% of the basic structure of DOS 3.1 DOS, 90% of the basic structure of DOS 3.1
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ can.
.bp .bp
- Some DOS commands are allowed to - Some DOS commands are allowed to
create a new file, others will not. create a new file, others will not.
Under DOS 3.1, any reference to a Under DOS 3.1, any reference to a
file that didn't exist, caused it to file that didn't exist, caused it to
be created. This forced DOS 3.1 to be created. This forced DOS 3.1 to
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ creating master diskettes. UPDATE
and allows the HELLO file to be and allows the HELLO file to be
renamed. renamed.
.br .br
.pi0 .pi0
.in0 .in0
.ps1 .ps1
.sp1 .sp1
@ -163,14 +163,14 @@ new bootstrap and state ROM chips for
the disk controller card which the disk controller card which
provide the capability to provide the capability to
format, read, and write a format, read, and write a
diskette with 16 sectors. diskette with 16 sectors.
(These ROMs are the (These ROMs are the
same ones used with the LANGUAGE same ones used with the LANGUAGE
SYSTEM.) SYSTEM.)
This improvement This improvement
represents almost a 25% increase in represents almost a 25% increase in
available disk space over the old available disk space over the old
13 sector format. 13 sector format.
Also included in the 3.3 Also included in the 3.3
package is an updated version of the package is an updated version of the
DOS manual, a BASICS diskette (for 13 DOS manual, a BASICS diskette (for 13
@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ Because the COPY program was rewritten
under 3.3, that restriction no longer under 3.3, that restriction no longer
applies. applies.
.br .br
.pi0 .pi0
.in0 .in0
.ps1 .ps1
.nx ch3.1 .nx ch3.1

66
D1S1/CH3.1#064000.txt
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@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
.np .np
.ce .ce
CHAPTER 3 - DISK II HARDWARE AND TRACK FORMATTING CHAPTER 3 - DISK II HARDWARE AND TRACK FORMATTING
.sp 2 .sp2
Apple Computer's excellent manual on Apple Computer's excellent manual on
the Disk Operating System (DOS) the Disk Operating System (DOS)
provides only very basic information provides only very basic information
about how diskettes are formatted. about how diskettes are formatted.
This chapter will explain in detail This chapter will explain in detail
how information is structured on a how information is structured on a
diskette. The first section will diskette. The first section will
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ hardware, and may be skipped by those
already familiar with the DOS manual. already familiar with the DOS manual.
For system housekeeping, DOS divides For system housekeeping, DOS divides
diskettes into tracks and sectors. diskettes into tracks and sectors.
This is done during the This is done during the
initialization process. A track is a initialization process. A track is a
physically defined circular path physically defined circular path
@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ track is identified by its distance
from the center of the disk. Similar from the center of the disk. Similar
to a phonograph stylus, the to a phonograph stylus, the
read/write head of the disk drive may read/write head of the disk drive may
be positioned over any given track. be positioned over any given track.
The tracks are similar to the grooves The tracks are similar to the grooves
in a record, but they are not in a record, but they are not
connected in a spiral. Much like connected in a spiral. Much like
playing a record, the diskette is playing a record, the diskette is
spun at a constant speed while the spun at a constant speed while the
data is read from or written to its data is read from or written to its
surface with the read/write head. surface with the read/write head.
Apple formats its diskettes into 35 Apple formats its diskettes into 35
tracks. They are numbered from 0 to tracks. They are numbered from 0 to
34, track 0 being the outermost track 34, track 0 being the outermost track
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ protection schemes.
A sector is a subdivision of a track. A sector is a subdivision of a track.
It is the smallest unit of It is the smallest unit of
"updatable" data on the diskette. "updatable" data on the diskette.
DOS generally reads or writes data a DOS generally reads or writes data a
sector at a time. This is to avoid sector at a time. This is to avoid
using a large chunk of memory as a using a large chunk of memory as a
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ locate the first sector of the track.
The implication is that The implication is that
the software must be able the software must be able
to locate any given track and sector to locate any given track and sector
with no help from the hardware. with no help from the hardware.
This scheme, known as "soft sectoring", This scheme, known as "soft sectoring",
takes a little more space takes a little more space
for storage but allows flexibility, for storage but allows flexibility,
@ -100,14 +100,14 @@ sector formats.
.ne10 .ne10
.nf .nf
DISK ORGANIZATION DISK ORGANIZATION
.SP1 .sp1
TRACKS TRACKS
All DOS versions................35 All DOS versions................35
.SP1 .sp1
SECTORS PER TRACK SECTORS PER TRACK
DOS 3.2.1 and earlier...........13 DOS 3.2.1 and earlier...........13
DOS 3.3.........................16 DOS 3.3.........................16
.SP1 .sp1
SECTORS PER DISKETTE SECTORS PER DISKETTE
DOS 3.2.1 and earlier..........455 DOS 3.2.1 and earlier..........455
DOS 3.3........................560 DOS 3.3........................560
@ -118,15 +118,15 @@ BYTES PER SECTOR
BYTES PER DISKETTE BYTES PER DISKETTE
DOS 3.2.1 and earlier.......116480 DOS 3.2.1 and earlier.......116480
DOS 3.3.....................143360 DOS 3.3.....................143360
.SP1 .sp1
USABLE* SECTORS FOR DATA STORAGE USABLE* SECTORS FOR DATA STORAGE
DOS 3.2.1 and earlier..........403 DOS 3.2.1 and earlier..........403
DOS 3.3........................496 DOS 3.3........................496
.SP1 .sp1
USABLE* BYTES PER DISKETTE USABLE* BYTES PER DISKETTE
DOS 3.2.1 and earlier.......103168 DOS 3.2.1 and earlier.......103168
DOS 3.3.....................126976 DOS 3.3.....................126976
.SP2 .sp2
* Excludes DOS, VTOC, and CATALOG * Excludes DOS, VTOC, and CATALOG
.bp .bp
TRACK FORMATTING TRACK FORMATTING
@ -186,12 +186,12 @@ least significant bit cell would be
bit cell 0. When reference is made bit cell 0. When reference is made
to a specific data bit (i.e. data bit to a specific data bit (i.e. data bit
5), it is with respect to the 5), it is with respect to the
corresponding bit cell (bit cell 5). corresponding bit cell (bit cell 5).
Data is written and read serially, Data is written and read serially,
one bit at a time. Thus, during a one bit at a time. Thus, during a
write operation, bit cell 7 of each write operation, bit cell 7 of each
byte would be written first, with bit byte would be written first, with bit
cell 0 being written last. cell 0 being written last.
Correspondingly, when data is being Correspondingly, when data is being
read back from the diskette, bit cell read back from the diskette, bit cell
7 is read first and bit cell 0 is 7 is read first and bit cell 0 is
@ -245,19 +245,19 @@ instructed to write in 32
cycle intervals. If not, zero bits cycle intervals. If not, zero bits
will continue to be written every four will continue to be written every four
cycles, which is, in fact, exactly cycles, which is, in fact, exactly
how self-sync bytes are created. how self-sync bytes are created.
Self-sync bytes will be covered in Self-sync bytes will be covered in
detail shortly. detail shortly.
.sp1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 3.6 HERE *** *** INSERT FIGURE 3.6 HERE ***
A "field" is made up of a group of A "field" is made up of a group of
consecutive consecutive
bytes. The number of bytes varies, bytes. The number of bytes varies,
depending upon the nature of the depending upon the nature of the
field. The two types of fields field. The two types of fields
present on a diskette are the Address present on a diskette are the Address
Field and the Data Field. They are Field and the Data Field. They are
similar in that they both contain a similar in that they both contain a
prologue, a data area, a checksum, and prologue, a data area, a checksum, and
an epilogue. Each field on a track is an epilogue. Each field on a track is
@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ beneath the read/write head.
All gaps are primarily alike in All gaps are primarily alike in
content, consisting of self-sync content, consisting of self-sync
hexadecimal FF's, and vary only in hexadecimal FF's, and vary only in
the number of bytes they contain. the number of bytes they contain.
Figure 3.7 is a diagram of a portion Figure 3.7 is a diagram of a portion
of a typical track, broken into its of a typical track, broken into its
major components. major components.
@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ major components.
Self-sync or auto-sync bytes are Self-sync or auto-sync bytes are
special bytes that make up the three special bytes that make up the three
different types of gaps on a track. different types of gaps on a track.
They are so named because of their They are so named because of their
ability to automatically bring the ability to automatically bring the
hardware into synchronization with hardware into synchronization with
@ -311,14 +311,14 @@ clock bits from data bits,
the hardware finds the hardware finds
the first bit cell with data in it the first bit cell with data in it
and proceeds to read the following and proceeds to read the following
seven data seven data
bits into the eight bit latch. In bits into the eight bit latch. In
effect, it assumes that it had effect, it assumes that it had
started at the beginning of a data started at the beginning of a data
byte. Of course, in reality, the byte. Of course, in reality, the
odds of its having started at the odds of its having started at the
beginning of a byte are only one in beginning of a byte are only one in
eight. eight.
Pictured in Figure 3.8 is a small Pictured in Figure 3.8 is a small
portion of a track. The clock bits portion of a track. The clock bits
have been stripped out and 0's and have been stripped out and 0's and
@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ the track.
We can now discuss the particular We can now discuss the particular
portions of a track in detail. The portions of a track in detail. The
three gaps will be covered first. three gaps will be covered first.
Unlike some other disk formats, the Unlike some other disk formats, the
size of the three gap types will vary size of the three gap types will vary
from drive to drive and even from from drive to drive and even from
@ -424,13 +424,13 @@ clarity).
.bp .bp
Gap 2 appears after each Address Gap 2 appears after each Address
Field and before each Data Field. Field and before each Data Field.
Its length varies from five to ten bytes Its length varies from five to ten bytes
on a normal drive. The primary on a normal drive. The primary
purpose of Gap 2 is to provide time purpose of Gap 2 is to provide time
for the information in an Address for the information in an Address
Field to be decoded by the computer Field to be decoded by the computer
before a read or write takes place. before a read or write takes place.
If the gap were too short, the If the gap were too short, the
beginning of the Data Field might beginning of the Data Field might
spin past while DOS was still spin past while DOS was still
@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ will occur in exactly the same spot
each time. This is due to the fact each time. This is due to the fact
that the drive which is rewriting that the drive which is rewriting
the Data Field may not be the one the Data Field may not be the one
which originally INITed or wrote it. which originally INITed or wrote it.
Since the speed of the drives can Since the speed of the drives can
vary, it is possible that the write vary, it is possible that the write
could start in mid-byte. (See Figure could start in mid-byte. (See Figure
@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ boundary, thus altering an existing
byte. Figure 3.12 illustrates this. byte. Figure 3.12 illustrates this.
.sp1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 3.11 HERE *** *** INSERT FIGURE 3.11 HERE ***
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 3.12 HERE *** *** INSERT FIGURE 3.12 HERE ***
Gap 3 appears after each Gap 3 appears after each
@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ additional time needed to manipulate
the data that has been read before the data that has been read before
the next sector is to be read. The the next sector is to be read. The
length of Gap 3 is not as critical as length of Gap 3 is not as critical as
that of Gap 2. If the that of Gap 2. If the
following Address following Address
Field is missed, DOS can always wait Field is missed, DOS can always wait
for the next time it spins around for the next time it spins around
@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ An examination of the contents of the
two types of fields is in order. two types of fields is in order.
The Address Field contains The Address Field contains
the "address" or identifying the "address" or identifying
information about the Data Field information about the Data Field
which follows it. The volume, track, which follows it. The volume, track,
and sector number of any given sector and sector number of any given sector
can be thought of as its "address", can be thought of as its "address",
@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ Figure 3.13.
The prologue consists of three bytes The prologue consists of three bytes
which form a unique sequence, found which form a unique sequence, found
in no other component of the track. in no other component of the track.
This fact enables DOS to locate an This fact enables DOS to locate an
Address Field with almost no Address Field with almost no
possibility of error. The three possibility of error. The three
@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ where it is positioned on a
particular diskette. The checksum is particular diskette. The checksum is
computed by exclusive-ORing the first computed by exclusive-ORing the first
three pieces of information, and is three pieces of information, and is
used to verify its integrity. used to verify its integrity.
Lastly follows the epilogue, which Lastly follows the epilogue, which
contains the three bytes $DE, $AA and contains the three bytes $DE, $AA and
$EB. Oddly, the $EB is always written $EB. Oddly, the $EB is always written
@ -558,14 +558,14 @@ Field. Much like the Address Field,
it consists of a prologue, data, it consists of a prologue, data,
checksum, and an epilogue. (Refer to checksum, and an epilogue. (Refer to
Figure 3.14) The prologue is Figure 3.14) The prologue is
different only in the third byte. different only in the third byte.
The bytes are $D5, $AA, and $AD, The bytes are $D5, $AA, and $AD,
which again form a unique sequence, which again form a unique sequence,
enabling DOS to locate the beginning enabling DOS to locate the beginning
of the sector data. The data of the sector data. The data
consists of 342 bytes of encoded consists of 342 bytes of encoded
data. The encoding scheme used will data. The encoding scheme used will
be discussed in the next section. be discussed in the next section.
The data is followed by a checksum The data is followed by a checksum
byte, used to verify the integrity of byte, used to verify the integrity of
the data just read. The epilogue the data just read. The epilogue

64
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@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
.np .np
.ce .ce
CHAPTER 3 - DISK II HARDWARE AND TRACK FORMATTING CHAPTER 3 - DISK II HARDWARE AND TRACK FORMATTING
.sp 2 .sp2
Apple Computer's excellent manual on Apple Computer's excellent manual on
the Disk Operating System (DOS) the Disk Operating System (DOS)
provides only very basic information provides only very basic information
about how diskettes are formatted. about how diskettes are formatted.
This chapter will explain in detail This chapter will explain in detail
how information is structured on a how information is structured on a
diskette. The first section will diskette. The first section will
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ hardware, and may be skipped by those
already familiar with the DOS manual. already familiar with the DOS manual.
For system housekeeping, DOS divides For system housekeeping, DOS divides
diskettes into tracks and sectors. diskettes into tracks and sectors.
This is done during the This is done during the
initialization process. A track is a initialization process. A track is a
physically defined circular path physically defined circular path
@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ track is identified by its distance
from the center of the disk. Similar from the center of the disk. Similar
to a phonograph stylus, the to a phonograph stylus, the
read/write head of the disk drive may read/write head of the disk drive may
be positioned over any given track. be positioned over any given track.
The tracks are similar to the grooves The tracks are similar to the grooves
in a record, but they are not in a record, but they are not
connected in a spiral. Much like connected in a spiral. Much like
playing a record, the diskette is playing a record, the diskette is
spun at a constant speed while the spun at a constant speed while the
data is read from or written to its data is read from or written to its
surface with the read/write head. surface with the read/write head.
Apple formats its diskettes into 35 Apple formats its diskettes into 35
tracks. They are numbered from 0 to tracks. They are numbered from 0 to
34, track 0 being the outermost track 34, track 0 being the outermost track
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ protection schemes.
A sector is a subdivision of a track. A sector is a subdivision of a track.
It is the smallest unit of It is the smallest unit of
"updatable" data on the diskette. "updatable" data on the diskette.
DOS generally reads or writes data a DOS generally reads or writes data a
sector at a time. This is to avoid sector at a time. This is to avoid
using a large chunk of memory as a using a large chunk of memory as a
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ locate the first sector of the track.
The implication is that The implication is that
the software must be able the software must be able
to locate any given track and sector to locate any given track and sector
with no help from the hardware. with no help from the hardware.
This scheme, known as "soft sectoring", This scheme, known as "soft sectoring",
takes a little more space takes a little more space
for storage but allows flexibility, for storage but allows flexibility,
@ -100,14 +100,14 @@ sector formats.
.ne10 .ne10
.nf .nf
DISK ORGANIZATION DISK ORGANIZATION
.SP1 .sp1
TRACKS TRACKS
All DOS versions................35 All DOS versions................35
.SP1 .sp1
SECTORS PER TRACK SECTORS PER TRACK
DOS 3.2.1 and earlier...........13 DOS 3.2.1 and earlier...........13
DOS 3.3.........................16 DOS 3.3.........................16
.SP1 .sp1
SECTORS PER DISKETTE SECTORS PER DISKETTE
DOS 3.2.1 and earlier..........455 DOS 3.2.1 and earlier..........455
DOS 3.3........................560 DOS 3.3........................560
@ -118,15 +118,15 @@ BYTES PER SECTOR
BYTES PER DISKETTE BYTES PER DISKETTE
DOS 3.2.1 and earlier.......116480 DOS 3.2.1 and earlier.......116480
DOS 3.3.....................143360 DOS 3.3.....................143360
.SP1 .sp1
USABLE* SECTORS FOR DATA STORAGE USABLE* SECTORS FOR DATA STORAGE
DOS 3.2.1 and earlier..........403 DOS 3.2.1 and earlier..........403
DOS 3.3........................496 DOS 3.3........................496
.SP1 .sp1
USABLE* BYTES PER DISKETTE USABLE* BYTES PER DISKETTE
DOS 3.2.1 and earlier.......103168 DOS 3.2.1 and earlier.......103168
DOS 3.3.....................126976 DOS 3.3.....................126976
.SP2 .sp2
* Excludes DOS, VTOC, and CATALOG * Excludes DOS, VTOC, and CATALOG
.bp .bp
TRACK FORMATTING TRACK FORMATTING
@ -186,12 +186,12 @@ least significant bit cell would be
bit cell 0. When reference is made bit cell 0. When reference is made
to a specific data bit (i.e. data bit to a specific data bit (i.e. data bit
5), it is with respect to the 5), it is with respect to the
corresponding bit cell (bit cell 5). corresponding bit cell (bit cell 5).
Data is written and read serially, Data is written and read serially,
one bit at a time. Thus, during a one bit at a time. Thus, during a
write operation, bit cell 7 of each write operation, bit cell 7 of each
byte would be written first, with bit byte would be written first, with bit
cell 0 being written last. cell 0 being written last.
Correspondingly, when data is being Correspondingly, when data is being
read back from the diskette, bit cell read back from the diskette, bit cell
7 is read first and bit cell 0 is 7 is read first and bit cell 0 is
@ -245,19 +245,19 @@ instructed to write in 32
cycle intervals. If not, zero bits cycle intervals. If not, zero bits
will continue to be written every four will continue to be written every four
cycles, which is, in fact, exactly cycles, which is, in fact, exactly
how self-sync bytes are created. how self-sync bytes are created.
Self-sync bytes will be covered in Self-sync bytes will be covered in
detail shortly. detail shortly.
.sp1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 3.6 HERE *** *** INSERT FIGURE 3.6 HERE ***
A "field" is made up of a group of A "field" is made up of a group of
consecutive consecutive
bytes. The number of bytes varies, bytes. The number of bytes varies,
depending upon the nature of the depending upon the nature of the
field. The two types of fields field. The two types of fields
present on a diskette are the Address present on a diskette are the Address
Field and the Data Field. They are Field and the Data Field. They are
similar in that they both contain a similar in that they both contain a
prologue, a data area, a checksum, and prologue, a data area, a checksum, and
an epilogue. Each field on a track is an epilogue. Each field on a track is
@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ beneath the read/write head.
All gaps are primarily alike in All gaps are primarily alike in
content, consisting of self-sync content, consisting of self-sync
hexadecimal FF's, and vary only in hexadecimal FF's, and vary only in
the number of bytes they contain. the number of bytes they contain.
Figure 3.7 is a diagram of a portion Figure 3.7 is a diagram of a portion
of a typical track, broken into its of a typical track, broken into its
major components. major components.
@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ major components.
Self-sync or auto-sync bytes are Self-sync or auto-sync bytes are
special bytes that make up the three special bytes that make up the three
different types of gaps on a track. different types of gaps on a track.
They are so named because of their They are so named because of their
ability to automatically bring the ability to automatically bring the
hardware into synchronization with hardware into synchronization with
@ -311,14 +311,14 @@ clock bits from data bits,
the hardware finds the hardware finds
the first bit cell with data in it the first bit cell with data in it
and proceeds to read the following and proceeds to read the following
seven data seven data
bits into the eight bit latch. In bits into the eight bit latch. In
effect, it assumes that it had effect, it assumes that it had
started at the beginning of a data started at the beginning of a data
byte. Of course, in reality, the byte. Of course, in reality, the
odds of its having started at the odds of its having started at the
beginning of a byte are only one in beginning of a byte are only one in
eight. eight.
Pictured in Figure 3.8 is a small Pictured in Figure 3.8 is a small
portion of a track. The clock bits portion of a track. The clock bits
have been stripped out and 0's and have been stripped out and 0's and
@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ the track.
We can now discuss the particular We can now discuss the particular
portions of a track in detail. The portions of a track in detail. The
three gaps will be covered first. three gaps will be covered first.
Unlike some other disk formats, the Unlike some other disk formats, the
size of the three gap types will vary size of the three gap types will vary
from drive to drive and even from from drive to drive and even from
@ -424,13 +424,13 @@ clarity).
.bp .bp
Gap 2 appears after each Address Gap 2 appears after each Address
Field and before each Data Field. Field and before each Data Field.
Its length varies from five to ten bytes Its length varies from five to ten bytes
on a normal drive. The primary on a normal drive. The primary
purpose of Gap 2 is to provide time purpose of Gap 2 is to provide time
for the information in an Address for the information in an Address
Field to be decoded by the computer Field to be decoded by the computer
before a read or write takes place. before a read or write takes place.
If the gap were too short, the If the gap were too short, the
beginning of the Data Field might beginning of the Data Field might
spin past while DOS was still spin past while DOS was still
@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ will occur in exactly the same spot
each time. This is due to the fact each time. This is due to the fact
that the drive which is rewriting that the drive which is rewriting
the Data Field may not be the one the Data Field may not be the one
which originally INITed or wrote it. which originally INITed or wrote it.
Since the speed of the drives can Since the speed of the drives can
vary, it is possible that the write vary, it is possible that the write
could start in mid-byte. (See Figure could start in mid-byte. (See Figure
@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ boundary, thus altering an existing
byte. Figure 3.12 illustrates this. byte. Figure 3.12 illustrates this.
.sp1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 3.11 HERE *** *** INSERT FIGURE 3.11 HERE ***
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 3.12 HERE *** *** INSERT FIGURE 3.12 HERE ***
Gap 3 appears after each Gap 3 appears after each
@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ additional time needed to manipulate
the data that has been read before the data that has been read before
the next sector is to be read. The the next sector is to be read. The
length of Gap 3 is not as critical as length of Gap 3 is not as critical as
that of Gap 2. If the that of Gap 2. If the
following Address following Address
Field is missed, DOS can always wait Field is missed, DOS can always wait
for the next time it spins around for the next time it spins around
@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ An examination of the contents of the
two types of fields is in order. two types of fields is in order.
The Address Field contains The Address Field contains
the "address" or identifying the "address" or identifying
information about the Data Field information about the Data Field
which follows it. The volume, track, which follows it. The volume, track,
and sector number of any given sector and sector number of any given sector
can be thought of as its "address", can be thought of as its "address",
@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ Figure 3.13.
The prologue consists of three bytes The prologue consists of three bytes
which form a unique sequence, found which form a unique sequence, found
in no other component of the track. in no other component of the track.
This fact enables DOS to locate an This fact enables DOS to locate an
Address Field with almost no Address Field with almost no
possibility of error. The three possibility of error. The three
@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ where it is positioned on a
particular diskette. The checksum is particular diskette. The checksum is
computed by exclusive-ORing the first computed by exclusive-ORing the first
three pieces of information, and is three pieces of information, and is
used to verify its integrity. used to verify its integrity.
Lastly follows the epilogue, which Lastly follows the epilogue, which
contains the three bytes $DE, $AA and contains the three bytes $DE, $AA and
$EB. Oddly, the $EB is always written $EB. Oddly, the $EB is always written
@ -558,6 +558,6 @@ Field. Much like the Address Field,
it consists of a prologue, data, it consists of a prologue, data,
checksum, and an epilogue. (Refer to checksum, and an epilogue. (Refer to
Figure 3.14) The prologue is Figure 3.14) The prologue is
different only in the third byte. different only in the third byte.
The bytes are $D5, $AA, and $AD, The bytes are $D5, $AA, and $AD,
which again form a which again form a

28
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@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
.SP2 .sp2
DATA FIELD ENCODING DATA FIELD ENCODING
Due to Apple's hardware, it is not Due to Apple's hardware, it is not
possible to read all 256 possible possible to read all 256 possible
byte values from a diskette. byte values from a diskette.
This is not a great problem, but it This is not a great problem, but it
does require that the data written to does require that the data written to
the disk be encoded. Three different the disk be encoded. Three different
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ bits. It would thus require 512
"disk" bytes for each 256 byte sector "disk" bytes for each 256 byte sector
of data. Had this technique been used of data. Had this technique been used
for sector data, no more than 10 for sector data, no more than 10
sectors would have fit on a track. sectors would have fit on a track.
This amounts to about 88K of data per This amounts to about 88K of data per
diskette, or roughly 72K of space diskette, or roughly 72K of space
available to the user; typical for 5 available to the user; typical for 5
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ comparable drives of the day.
Currently, of course, DOS 3.3 Currently, of course, DOS 3.3
features 16 sectors per track and features 16 sectors per track and
provides a 23% increase in disk provides a 23% increase in disk
storage over the 13 sector format. storage over the 13 sector format.
This was made possible by a hardware This was made possible by a hardware
modification (the P6 PROM on the disk modification (the P6 PROM on the disk
controller card) which allowed a "6 controller card) which allowed a "6
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ bytes.
These three different encoding These three different encoding
techniques techniques
will now be covered in some detail. will now be covered in some detail.
The hardware for DOS 3.2.1 (and The hardware for DOS 3.2.1 (and
earlier versions of DOS) imposed a earlier versions of DOS) imposed a
number of restrictions upon how data number of restrictions upon how data
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ contained in the Address Field. It
is quite easy to decode the data, since the is quite easy to decode the data, since the
byte with the odd bits is simply byte with the odd bits is simply
shifted left and logically ANDed with shifted left and logically ANDed with
the byte containing the even bits. the byte containing the even bits.
This is illustrated in Figure 3.16. This is illustrated in Figure 3.16.
.sp1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 3.16 HERE *** *** INSERT FIGURE 3.16 HERE ***
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ bytes, thus leaving an exact mapping
between five bit data bytes and eight bit between five bit data bytes and eight bit
"disk" bytes. The process of "disk" bytes. The process of
converting eight bit data bytes to eight bit converting eight bit data bytes to eight bit
"disk" bytes, then, is twofold. "disk" bytes, then, is twofold.
An overview is diagrammed in Figure An overview is diagrammed in Figure
3.17. 3.17.
.sp1 .sp1
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ up a sector must be translated to
five bit bytes. This is done by the five bit bytes. This is done by the
"prenibble" routine at $B800. It is "prenibble" routine at $B800. It is
a fairly involved process, involving a fairly involved process, involving
a good deal of bit rearrangement. a good deal of bit rearrangement.
Figure 3.18 shows the before and Figure 3.18 shows the before and
after of prenibbilizing. On the left after of prenibbilizing. On the left
is a buffer of eight bit data bytes, as is a buffer of eight bit data bytes, as
@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ package by DOS. Each byte in this
buffer is represented by a letter (A, buffer is represented by a letter (A,
B, C, etc.) and each bit by a number B, C, etc.) and each bit by a number
(7 through 0). On the right side are (7 through 0). On the right side are
the results of the transformation. the results of the transformation.
The primary buffer contains five The primary buffer contains five
distinct areas of five bit bytes (the distinct areas of five bit bytes (the
top three bits of the eight bit bytes top three bits of the eight bit bytes
@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ the checksum computation to decode
data, the data, the
transformation shown in Figure 3.20 transformation shown in Figure 3.20
greatly facilitates the time greatly facilitates the time
constraint. As the data is being constraint. As the data is being
read from a sector the accumulator read from a sector the accumulator
contains the cumulative result of contains the cumulative result of
all previous bytes, exclusive-ORed all previous bytes, exclusive-ORed
@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ with only 64 needed. An additional
requirement was introduced to force requirement was introduced to force
the mapping to be one to one, namely, the mapping to be one to one, namely,
that there must be at least two that there must be at least two
adjacent bits set, excluding bit 7. adjacent bits set, excluding bit 7.
This produces exactly 64 valid "disk" This produces exactly 64 valid "disk"
values. The initial transformation values. The initial transformation
is done by the prenibble routine is done by the prenibble routine
@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ into a "pseudo" or soft sector number
used by DOS. For example, if the used by DOS. For example, if the
sector number found on the disk were a sector number found on the disk were a
2, this is used as an offset into a 2, this is used as an offset into a
table where the number $0B is found. table where the number $0B is found.
Thus, DOS treats the physical sector Thus, DOS treats the physical sector
2 as sector 11 ($0B) for all intents 2 as sector 11 ($0B) for all intents
and purposes. This presents no and purposes. This presents no
@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ access time.
It is interesting to point out that It is interesting to point out that
Pascal, Fortran, and CP/M diskettes Pascal, Fortran, and CP/M diskettes
all use software interleaving also. all use software interleaving also.
However, each uses a different However, each uses a different
sector order. A comparison of these sector order. A comparison of these
differences is presented in Figure differences is presented in Figure
@ -330,4 +330,4 @@ differences is presented in Figure
.sp1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 3.24 (22) HERE *** *** INSERT FIGURE 3.24 (22) HERE ***
.br .br
.nxch4 .nx ch4

50
D1S1/CH4#064000.txt
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@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ with new files or expansions of
existing files. An example of the way existing files. An example of the way
DOS uses sectors is given in Figure DOS uses sectors is given in Figure
4.1. 4.1.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 4.1 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 4.1 ***
.sp1 .sp1
DISKETTE SPACE ALLOCATION DISKETTE SPACE ALLOCATION
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ following format (all byte offsets are
given in base 16, hexadecimal): given in base 16, hexadecimal):
.np .np
VOLUME TABLE OF CONTENTS (VTOC) FORMAT VOLUME TABLE OF CONTENTS (VTOC) FORMAT
.SP1 .sp1
.un .un
BYTE DESCRIPTION BYTE DESCRIPTION
00 Not used 00 Not used
@ -126,14 +126,14 @@ C4-FF Bit maps for additional tracks if there are more
than 35 tracks per diskette than 35 tracks per diskette
.bp .bp
BIT MAPS OF FREE SECTORS ON A GIVEN TRACK BIT MAPS OF FREE SECTORS ON A GIVEN TRACK
.SP1 .sp1
A four byte binary string of ones and zeros, A four byte binary string of ones and zeros,
representing free and allocated sectors respectively. representing free and allocated sectors respectively.
Hexadecimal sector numbers are assigned to bit Hexadecimal sector numbers are assigned to bit
positions as follows: positions as follows:
.sp1 .sp1
BYTE SECTORS BYTE SECTORS
+0 FEDC BA98 +0 FEDC BA98
+1 7654 3210 +1 7654 3210
+2 .... .... (not used) +2 .... .... (not used)
+3 .... .... (not used) +3 .... .... (not used)
@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ An example of a VTOC sector is given
in Figure 4.2. This VTOC corresponds in Figure 4.2. This VTOC corresponds
to the map of the diskette given in to the map of the diskette given in
Figure 4.1. Figure 4.1.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 4.2 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 4.2 ***
.bp .bp
THE CATALOG THE CATALOG
@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ sector (sector 1)
has a zero pointer to indicate has a zero pointer to indicate
that there are no more catalog that there are no more catalog
sectors in the chain. sectors in the chain.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 4.3 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 4.3 ***
In each catalog In each catalog
@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ described on the following page.
.sp1 .sp1
.np .np
CATALOG SECTOR FORMAT CATALOG SECTOR FORMAT
.SP1 .sp1
.UN .un
BYTE DESCRIPTION BYTE DESCRIPTION
00 Not used 00 Not used
01 Track number of next catalog sector (usually 11 hex) 01 Track number of next catalog sector (usually 11 hex)
@ -219,9 +219,9 @@ BA-DC Sixth file descriptive entry
DD-FF Seventh file descriptive entry DD-FF Seventh file descriptive entry
.bp .bp
FILE DESCRIPTIVE ENTRY FORMAT FILE DESCRIPTIVE ENTRY FORMAT
.SP1 .sp1
RELATIVE RELATIVE
.UN .un
BYTE DESCRIPTION BYTE DESCRIPTION
00 Track of first track/sector list sector. 00 Track of first track/sector list sector.
If this is a deleted file, this byte contains a hex If this is a deleted file, this byte contains a hex
@ -260,9 +260,9 @@ was needed to describe them. There
are four entries in use and three are four entries in use and three
entries which have never been used entries which have never been used
and contain zeros. and contain zeros.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 4.4 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 4.4 ***
.SP1 .sp1
THE TRACK/SECTOR LIST THE TRACK/SECTOR LIST
Each file has Each file has
@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ sector points to this T/S List sector
which, in turn, points to each sector which, in turn, points to each sector
in the file. This concept is in the file. This concept is
diagramed in Figure 4.5. diagramed in Figure 4.5.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 4.5 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 4.5 ***
.bp .bp
The format of a Track/Sector List The format of a Track/Sector List
@ -317,9 +317,9 @@ have no data sectors allocated
in the T/S List. This distinction is not always handled in the T/S List. This distinction is not always handled
correctly by DOS. The VERIFY command, for instance, stops when correctly by DOS. The VERIFY command, for instance, stops when
it gets to the first zero T/S List entry and can not be used it gets to the first zero T/S List entry and can not be used
to verify some random organization text files. to verify some random organization text files.
An example T/S List sector is given in Figure 4.6. An example T/S List sector is given in Figure 4.6.
The example file (HELLO, from our The example file (HELLO, from our
previous examples) has only one data previous examples) has only one data
sector, since it is less than 256 sector, since it is less than 256
@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ sector and the T/S List sector, HELLO
is 2 sectors long, and this will be is 2 sectors long, and this will be
the value shown when a CATALOG the value shown when a CATALOG
command is done. command is done.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 4.6 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 4.6 ***
.bp .bp
Following the Track/Sector pointer in Following the Track/Sector pointer in
@ -349,8 +349,8 @@ the Track/Sector List, DOS can read
each sector of the file in the correct order so each sector of the file in the correct order so
that the programmer need never know that the programmer need never know
that the data was broken up into that the data was broken up into
sectors at all. sectors at all.
.SP1 .sp1
TEXT FILES TEXT FILES
The TEXT data type is the least The TEXT data type is the least
@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ less efficient in the use of disk space than
with a BINARY type file, since each with a BINARY type file, since each
digit must occupy a full byte in the digit must occupy a full byte in the
file. file.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 4.7 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 4.7 ***
.bp .bp
BINARY FILES BINARY FILES
@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ shown in Figure 4.8. An exact copy of
the memory involved is written to the the memory involved is written to the
disk sector(s), preceded by the disk sector(s), preceded by the
memory address where it was found and memory address where it was found and
the length (a total of four bytes). the length (a total of four bytes).
The address and length (in low order, The address and length (in low order,
high order format) are those given in high order format) are those given in
the A and L keywords from the BSAVE the A and L keywords from the BSAVE
@ -419,9 +419,9 @@ address either by providing the A
entered, or by changing the address entered, or by changing the address
in the first two bytes of the file on in the first two bytes of the file on
the diskette. the diskette.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 4.8 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 4.8 ***
.SP1 .sp1
APPLESOFT AND INTEGER FILES APPLESOFT AND INTEGER FILES
A BASIC program, be it APPLESOFT or A BASIC program, be it APPLESOFT or
@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ format of an APPLESOFT file type is
given in Figure 4.9 and that of given in Figure 4.9 and that of
INTEGER BASIC in 4.10. When the SAVE INTEGER BASIC in 4.10. When the SAVE
command is typed, DOS determines the command is typed, DOS determines the
location of the BASIC program image location of the BASIC program image
in memory and its length. Since a in memory and its length. Since a
BASIC program is always loaded at a BASIC program is always loaded at a
location known to the BASIC location known to the BASIC
@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ scope of this manual, but a
breakdown of the example INTEGER breakdown of the example INTEGER
BASIC program is given in Figure BASIC program is given in Figure
4.10. 4.10.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURES 4.9 AND 4.10 *** *** INSERT FIGURES 4.9 AND 4.10 ***
.bp .bp
OTHER FILE TYPES (S,R,A,B) OTHER FILE TYPES (S,R,A,B)
@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ based on additional information
stored with the image itself. The stored with the image itself. The
format for this type of file is given format for this type of file is given
in the documentation accompanying the in the documentation accompanying the
DOS TOOLKIT. DOS TOOLKIT.
It is recommended that if the It is recommended that if the
reader requires more information reader requires more information
about R files he should refer to that about R files he should refer to that

32
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
.np .np
.ce .ce
CHAPTER 5 - THE STRUCTURE OF DOS CHAPTER 5 - THE STRUCTURE OF DOS
.sp 2 .sp2
DOS MEMORY USE DOS MEMORY USE
DOS is an assembly language program DOS is an assembly language program
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ on a 48K system, it will not boot on
less than 48K since the RAM DOS less than 48K since the RAM DOS
occupied does not exist on a smaller occupied does not exist on a smaller
machine. machine.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 5.1 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 5.1 ***
A diagram of DOS's memory for a 48K A diagram of DOS's memory for a 48K
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ changed from 3, the space occupied by
the file buffers also changes. This the file buffers also changes. This
affects the placement of HIMEM, affects the placement of HIMEM,
moving it up or down with fewer or moving it up or down with fewer or
more buffers respectively. more buffers respectively.
The 3.5K The 3.5K
above the file buffers is occupied by above the file buffers is occupied by
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ interfacing to BASIC, interpreting
commands, and managing the file commands, and managing the file
buffers. All disk functions are buffers. All disk functions are
passed on via subroutine calls to the passed on via subroutine calls to the
file manager. file manager.
.bp .bp
The file manager, The file manager,
occupying about 4.3K, is a collection occupying about 4.3K, is a collection
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ lanaguage program which is not part
of DOS. This interface is generalized of DOS. This interface is generalized
through a group of vectors in page 3 through a group of vectors in page 3
of RAM and is documented in the next of RAM and is documented in the next
chapter. chapter.
The last 2.5K of DOS is the The last 2.5K of DOS is the
Read/Write Track/Sector (RWTS) Read/Write Track/Sector (RWTS)
@ -147,19 +147,19 @@ table itself starts at $3D0.
.ll60 .ll60
.bp .bp
DOS VECTOR TABLE ($3D0-$3FF) DOS VECTOR TABLE ($3D0-$3FF)
.NP .np
ADDR USAGE ADDR USAGE
3D0 A JMP (jump or GOTO) instruction to the DOS warmstart 3D0 A JMP (jump or GOTO) instruction to the DOS warmstart
routine. This routine reenters DOS but does not routine. This routine reenters DOS but does not
discard the current BASIC program and does not reset discard the current BASIC program and does not reset
MAXFILES or other DOS environmental variables. MAXFILES or other DOS environmental variables.
3D3 A JMP to the DOS coldstart routine. This routine 3D3 A JMP to the DOS coldstart routine. This routine
reinitializes DOS as if it was rebooted, clearing the reinitializes DOS as if it was rebooted, clearing the
current BASIC file and resetting HIMEM. current BASIC file and resetting HIMEM.
3D6 A JMP to the DOS file manager subroutine to allow a 3D6 A JMP to the DOS file manager subroutine to allow a
user written assembly language program to call it. user written assembly language program to call it.
3D9 A JMP to the DOS Read/Write Track/Sector (RWTS) 3D9 A JMP to the DOS Read/Write Track/Sector (RWTS)
routine to allow user written assembly language routine to allow user written assembly language
programs to call it. programs to call it.
3DC A short subroutine which locates the input parameter 3DC A short subroutine which locates the input parameter
list for the file manager to allow a user written list for the file manager to allow a user written
@ -170,9 +170,9 @@ ADDR USAGE
up input parameters before calling RWTS. up input parameters before calling RWTS.
3EA A JMP to the DOS subroutine which "reconnects" the DOS 3EA A JMP to the DOS subroutine which "reconnects" the DOS
intercepts to the keyboard and screen data streams. intercepts to the keyboard and screen data streams.
3EF A JMP to the routine which will handle a BRK machine 3EF A JMP to the routine which will handle a BRK machine
language instruction. This vector is only supported by language instruction. This vector is only supported by
the AUTOSTART ROM. Normally the vector contains the the AUTOSTART ROM. Normally the vector contains the
address of the monitor ROM subroutine which displays address of the monitor ROM subroutine which displays
the registers. the registers.
3F2 LO/HI address of routine which will handle RESET for 3F2 LO/HI address of routine which will handle RESET for
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ ADDR USAGE
RESET was pressed. If a power-up occured, the RESET was pressed. If a power-up occured, the
AUTOSTART ROM ignores the address at 3F2 (since it has AUTOSTART ROM ignores the address at 3F2 (since it has
never been initialized) and attempts to boot a never been initialized) and attempts to boot a
diskette. To prevent this from happening when you diskette. To prevent this from happening when you
change $3F2 to handle your own RESETs, EOR (exclusive change $3F2 to handle your own RESETs, EOR (exclusive
OR) the new value at $3F2 with a $A5 and store the OR) the new value at $3F2 with a $A5 and store the
result in the power-up byte. result in the power-up byte.
@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ The location of these stages on the
diskette and a memory map are given diskette and a memory map are given
in Figure 5.2 and a description of in Figure 5.2 and a description of
the bootstrap process follows. the bootstrap process follows.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 5.2 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 5.2 ***
The first boot stage (let's call it The first boot stage (let's call it
@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ The various stages of the bootstrap
process will be covered again in greater process will be covered again in greater
detail in Chapter 8, DOS PROGRAM detail in Chapter 8, DOS PROGRAM
LOGIC. LOGIC.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 5.3 HERE *** *** INSERT FIGURE 5.3 HERE ***
.BR .br
.NX CH6.1 .nx CH6.1

46
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ eight two byte toggles that essentially
represent pulling a TTL line high or represent pulling a TTL line high or
low. Applications which could use low. Applications which could use
direct disk access range from a direct disk access range from a
user written operating system to DOS-independent user written operating system to DOS-independent
utility programs. The utility programs. The
device address assignments are given device address assignments are given
in Figure 6.1. in Figure 6.1.
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ ADDRESS LABEL DESCRIPTION
.bp .bp
The addresses are slot dependent and The addresses are slot dependent and
the offsets are computed by the offsets are computed by
multiplying the slot number by 16. multiplying the slot number by 16.
In hexadecimal this works out nicely In hexadecimal this works out nicely
and we can add the value $s0 (where s and we can add the value $s0 (where s
is the slot number) to the base is the slot number) to the base
@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Basically, each of the four phases
(0-3) must be turned on and then off (0-3) must be turned on and then off
again. Done in ascending order, this again. Done in ascending order, this
moves the arm inward. In descending moves the arm inward. In descending
order, this moves the arm outward. order, this moves the arm outward.
The timing between accesses to these The timing between accesses to these
locations is critical, making this a locations is critical, making this a
non-trivial exercise. It is non-trivial exercise. It is
@ -119,10 +119,10 @@ MOTOR OFF/ON:
.sp1 .sp1
.nf .nf
LDA $C088,X Turn motor off. LDA $C088,X Turn motor off.
.SP1 .sp1
LDA $C089,X Turn motor on. LDA $C089,X Turn motor on.
.SP1 .sp1
.FI .fi
NOTE: A sufficient delay should be NOTE: A sufficient delay should be
provided to allow the motor time to provided to allow the motor time to
come up to speed. Shugart recommends come up to speed. Shugart recommends
@ -132,39 +132,39 @@ until data starts to change.
.bp .bp
.nf .nf
ENGAGE DRIVE 1/2: ENGAGE DRIVE 1/2:
.SP1 .sp1
LDA $C08A,X Engage drive 1. LDA $C08A,X Engage drive 1.
.sp1 .sp1
LDA $C08B,X Engage drive 2. LDA $C08B,X Engage drive 2.
.sp1 .sp1
READ A BYTE: READ A BYTE:
.SP1 .sp1
READ LDA $C08C,X READ LDA $C08C,X
BPL READ BPL READ
.SP1 .sp1
.FI .fi
NOTE: $C08E,X must already have been NOTE: $C08E,X must already have been
accessed to assure Read mode. The accessed to assure Read mode. The
loop is necessary to assure that the loop is necessary to assure that the
accumulator will contain valid data. accumulator will contain valid data.
If the data latch does not yet If the data latch does not yet
contain valid data the high bit will contain valid data the high bit will
be zero. be zero.
.sp1 .sp1
.nf .nf
SENSE WRITE PROTECT: SENSE WRITE PROTECT:
.SP1 .sp1
LDA $C08D,X LDA $C08D,X
LDA $C08E,X Sense write protect. LDA $C08E,X Sense write protect.
BMI ERROR If high bit set, protected. BMI ERROR If high bit set, protected.
.sp1 .sp1
WRITE LOAD AND WRITE A BYTE WRITE LOAD AND WRITE A BYTE
.SP1 .sp1
LDA DATA LDA DATA
STA $C08D,X Write load. STA $C08D,X Write load.
ORA $C08C,X Write byte. ORA $C08C,X Write byte.
.sp1 .sp1
.FI .fi
NOTE: $C08F,X must already have been NOTE: $C08F,X must already have been
accessed to insure Write mode and a accessed to insure Write mode and a
100 microsecond delay should be 100 microsecond delay should be
@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ without an adjustment.
WRITE STA $C08D,X (5) WRITE STA $C08D,X (5)
ORA $C08C,X (4) ORA $C08C,X (4)
RTS (6) RTS (6)
.SP2 .sp2
CALLING READ/WRITE TRACK/SECTOR (RWTS) CALLING READ/WRITE TRACK/SECTOR (RWTS)
Read/Write Track/Sector (RWTS) exists Read/Write Track/Sector (RWTS) exists
@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ roughly the top third of the DOS
program. The interface to RWTS is program. The interface to RWTS is
standardized and thoroughly documented by Apple standardized and thoroughly documented by Apple
and may be called by a and may be called by a
program running outside of DOS. program running outside of DOS.
There are two subroutines which must There are two subroutines which must
be called or whose function must be be called or whose function must be
@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ on the facing page (offsets are given in hexadecimal):
.bp .bp
.nf .nf
INPUT/OUTPUT CONTROL BLOCK - GENERAL FORMAT INPUT/OUTPUT CONTROL BLOCK - GENERAL FORMAT
.SP1 .sp1
BYTE DESCRIPTION BYTE DESCRIPTION
00 Table type, must be $01 00 Table type, must be $01
01 Slot number times 16 (s0: s=slot. Example: $60) 01 Slot number times 16 (s0: s=slot. Example: $60)
@ -272,14 +272,14 @@ BYTE DESCRIPTION
10 Drive number of last access (must be initialized) 10 Drive number of last access (must be initialized)
.sp1 .sp1
DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS TABLE DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS TABLE
.SP1 .sp1
BYTE DESCRIPTION BYTE DESCRIPTION
00 Device type (should be $00 for DISK II) 00 Device type (should be $00 for DISK II)
01 Phases per track (should be $01 for DISK II) 01 Phases per track (should be $01 for DISK II)
02-03 Motor on time count (should be $EFD8 for DISK II) 02-03 Motor on time count (should be $EFD8 for DISK II)
.bp .bp
RWTS IOB BY CALL TYPE RWTS IOB BY CALL TYPE
.SP1 .sp1
SEEK Move disk arm to desired track SEEK Move disk arm to desired track
.sp1 .sp1
Input: Byte 00 - Table type ($01) Input: Byte 00 - Table type ($01)
@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ Input: Byte 00 - Table type ($01)
.sp1 .sp1
Output: Byte 0D - Return code (See previous definition) Output: Byte 0D - Return code (See previous definition)
0F - Current Slot number * 16 0F - Current Slot number * 16
10 - Current Drive number 10 - Current Drive number
.sp1 .sp1
READ Read a sector into a specified buffer READ Read a sector into a specified buffer
.sp1 .sp1
@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ Input: Byte 00 - Table type ($01)
Output: Byte 0D - Return code (See previous definition) Output: Byte 0D - Return code (See previous definition)
0E - Current Volume number 0E - Current Volume number
0F - Current Slot number * 16 0F - Current Slot number * 16
10 - Current Drive number 10 - Current Drive number
.bp .bp
WRITE Write a sector from a specified buffer WRITE Write a sector from a specified buffer
.sp1 .sp1
@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ Input: Byte 00 - Table type ($01)
Output: Byte 0D - Return code (See previous definition) Output: Byte 0D - Return code (See previous definition)
0E - Current Volume number 0E - Current Volume number
0F - Current Slot number * 16 0F - Current Slot number * 16
10 - Current Drive number 10 - Current Drive number
.sp1 .sp1
FORMAT Initialize the diskette (does not put DOS on disk, FORMAT Initialize the diskette (does not put DOS on disk,
create a VTOC/CATALOG, or store HELLO program) create a VTOC/CATALOG, or store HELLO program)
@ -353,6 +353,6 @@ Input: Byte 00 - Table type ($01)
Output: Byte 0D - Return code (See previous definition) Output: Byte 0D - Return code (See previous definition)
0E - Current Volume number 0E - Current Volume number
0F - Current Slot number * 16 0F - Current Slot number * 16
10 - Current Drive number 10 - Current Drive number
.bp .bp
.nx ch6.2 .nx ch6.2

46
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ the central third of the DOS program.
The interface to these routines is The interface to these routines is
generalized in such a way that they generalized in such a way that they
may be called by a program running may be called by a program running
outside of DOS. The definition of outside of DOS. The definition of
this interface has this interface has
never been published by APPLE (or never been published by APPLE (or
anyone else, for that manner) but anyone else, for that manner) but
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ these routines may be relied upon as
"safe". Indeed, the new FID utility "safe". Indeed, the new FID utility
program program
uses these routines to process files uses these routines to process files
on the diskette. on the diskette.
There are There are
two subroutines which must be called two subroutines which must be called
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ The general format of the file
manager parameter list is as follows: manager parameter list is as follows:
.bp .bp
FILE MANAGER PARAMETER LIST - GENERAL FORMAT FILE MANAGER PARAMETER LIST - GENERAL FORMAT
.NP .np
BYTE DESCRIPTION BYTE DESCRIPTION
00 Call type: 01=OPEN 05=DELETE 09=RENAME 00 Call type: 01=OPEN 05=DELETE 09=RENAME
02=CLOSE 06=CATALOG 0A=POSITION 02=CLOSE 06=CATALOG 0A=POSITION
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ BYTE DESCRIPTION
FILE MANAGER PARAMETER LIST BY CALL TYPE below. FILE MANAGER PARAMETER LIST BY CALL TYPE below.
0A Return code (note: not all return codes can occur 0A Return code (note: not all return codes can occur
for any call type). The processor CARRY for any call type). The processor CARRY
flag is set upon return from the file flag is set upon return from the file
manager if there is a non-zero return code: manager if there is a non-zero return code:
00=No errors 00=No errors
01=Not used ("LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLE") 01=Not used ("LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLE")
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ BYTE DESCRIPTION
0C-0D Address of a 45 byte buffer which will be used by the 0C-0D Address of a 45 byte buffer which will be used by the
file manager to save its status between calls. This file manager to save its status between calls. This
area is called the file manager workarea and need not area is called the file manager workarea and need not
be initialized by the caller but the space must be be initialized by the caller but the space must be
provided and this two byte address field initialized. provided and this two byte address field initialized.
(addresses are in low/high order format) (addresses are in low/high order format)
0E-0F Address of a 256 byte buffer which will be used by the 0E-0F Address of a 256 byte buffer which will be used by the
@ -124,15 +124,15 @@ BYTE DESCRIPTION
10-11 Address of a 256 byte buffer which will be used by the 10-11 Address of a 256 byte buffer which will be used by the
file manager to maintain the data sector buffer. file manager to maintain the data sector buffer.
Buffer need not be initialized by the caller. Buffer need not be initialized by the caller.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 6.2 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 6.2 ***
.bp .bp
FILE MANAGER PARAMETER LIST BY CALL TYPE FILE MANAGER PARAMETER LIST BY CALL TYPE
.NP .np
OPEN Locates or creates a file. A call to POSITION should OPEN Locates or creates a file. A call to POSITION should
follow every OPEN. follow every OPEN.
.sp1 .sp1
Input: Byte 00 - 01 Input: Byte 00 - 01
02/03 - Fixed record length or 0000 if variable 02/03 - Fixed record length or 0000 if variable
04 - Volume number or 00 for any volume 04 - Volume number or 00 for any volume
05 - Drive number to be used (01 or 02) 05 - Drive number to be used (01 or 02)
@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ Input: Byte 00 - 0B
.sp1 .sp1
Output: Byte 0A - Return code Output: Byte 0A - Return code
.sp2 .sp2
VERIFY Verify that there are no bad sectors in a file by VERIFY Verify that there are no bad sectors in a file by
reading every sector. reading every sector.
.sp1 .sp1
Input: Byte 00 - 0C Input: Byte 00 - 0C
@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ DOS BUFFERS
Usually it is desirable to use one of DOS's buffers when Usually it is desirable to use one of DOS's buffers when
calling the file manager to save memory. DOS buffers consist of calling the file manager to save memory. DOS buffers consist of
each of the three buffers used by the file manager (file each of the three buffers used by the file manager (file
manager workarea, T/S List sector, and data sector) as well as manager workarea, T/S List sector, and data sector) as well as
a 30 byte file name buffer and some link pointers. All together a 30 byte file name buffer and some link pointers. All together
a DOS buffer occupies 595 bytes of memory. The address of the a DOS buffer occupies 595 bytes of memory. The address of the
@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ first DOS buffer is stored in the first two bytes of DOS ($9D00
on a 48K APPLE II). The address of the next buffer is stored in on a 48K APPLE II). The address of the next buffer is stored in
the first and so on in a chain of linked elements. The link the first and so on in a chain of linked elements. The link
address to the next buffer in the last buffer is zeros. If the address to the next buffer in the last buffer is zeros. If the
buffer is not being used by DOS, the first byte of the file buffer is not being used by DOS, the first byte of the file
name field is a hex 00. Otherwise, it contains the first name field is a hex 00. Otherwise, it contains the first
character of the name of the open file. The assembly language character of the name of the open file. The assembly language
programmer should follow these conventions to avoid having DOS programmer should follow these conventions to avoid having DOS
@ -309,18 +309,18 @@ name of the file should be stored in the buffer to reserve it
for exclusive use (or at least a non-zero byte stored on the for exclusive use (or at least a non-zero byte stored on the
first character) and later, when the user is through with the first character) and later, when the user is through with the
buffer, a 00 should be stored on the file name to return it buffer, a 00 should be stored on the file name to return it
to DOS's use. If the later is not done, DOS will eventually to DOS's use. If the later is not done, DOS will eventually
run out of available buffers and will refuse even to do a run out of available buffers and will refuse even to do a
CATALOG command. A diagram of the DOS CATALOG command. A diagram of the DOS
buffers for MAXFILES 3 is given in buffers for MAXFILES 3 is given in
Figure 6.3 and Figure 6.3 and
the format of a DOS buffer is given below. the format of a DOS buffer is given below.
.SP1 .sp1
*** INSERT FIGURE 6.3 *** *** INSERT FIGURE 6.3 ***
.sp1 .sp1
.ne10 .ne10
DOS BUFFER FORMAT DOS BUFFER FORMAT
.NP .np
BYTE DESCRIPTION BYTE DESCRIPTION
000/0FF Data sector buffer (256 bytes in length) 000/0FF Data sector buffer (256 bytes in length)
100/1FF T/S List sector buffer (256 bytes in length) 100/1FF T/S List sector buffer (256 bytes in length)
@ -401,15 +401,15 @@ COMMON ALGORITHMS
Given below are several pieces of code Given below are several pieces of code
which are used when working with DOS: which are used when working with DOS:
.SP1 .sp1
.ne5 .ne5
LOCATE A FREE DOS BUFFER LOCATE A FREE DOS BUFFER
The following subroutine may be used The following subroutine may be used
to locate an unallocated DOS buffer to locate an unallocated DOS buffer
for use with the DOS file manager. for use with the DOS file manager.
.SP1 .sp1
.NP .np
FBUFF LDA $3D2 LOCATE DOS LOAD POINT FBUFF LDA $3D2 LOCATE DOS LOAD POINT
STA $1 STA $1
LDY #0 LDY #0
@ -445,11 +445,11 @@ call RWTS or the file manager to
insure that DOS is present on this insure that DOS is present on this
machine. machine.
.sp1 .sp1
.NP .np
LDA $3D0 GET VECTOR JMP LDA $3D0 GET VECTOR JMP
CMP #$4C IS IT A JUMP? CMP #$4C IS IT A JUMP?
BNE NODOS NO, DOS NOT LOADED BNE NODOS NO, DOS NOT LOADED
.SP2 .sp2
.ne5 .ne5
WHICH VERSION OF DOS IS ACTIVE? WHICH VERSION OF DOS IS ACTIVE?
@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ the DOS version may be required:
.sp2 .sp2
.ne5 .ne5
WHICH BASIC IS SELECTED? WHICH BASIC IS SELECTED?
.PP
Some programs depend upon either the Some programs depend upon either the
INTEGER BASIC ROM or the APPLESOFT INTEGER BASIC ROM or the APPLESOFT
ROM. To find out which is active and ROM. To find out which is active and
@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ is used for INTEGER BASIC and $4C is
used for APPLESOFT. To set up for used for APPLESOFT. To set up for
APPLESOFT, for example: APPLESOFT, for example:
.sp1 .sp1
.NP .np
LDA #$4C CODE FOR APPLESOFT LDA #$4C CODE FOR APPLESOFT
JSR SETBSC CALL SUBROUTINE JSR SETBSC CALL SUBROUTINE
BNE ERROR LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLE BNE ERROR LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLE

6
D1S1/CH7#064000.txt
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@ -64,18 +64,18 @@ be followed to do this:
Execute MASTER CREATE (800G) Execute MASTER CREATE (800G)
When MASTER CREATE finishes loading the DOS image When MASTER CREATE finishes loading the DOS image
it will exit. You may use the monitor to make it will exit. You may use the monitor to make
changes in the image. MASTER CREATE loads DOS changes in the image. MASTER CREATE loads DOS
into memory at $1200 such that Boot 2 (RWTS) is into memory at $1200 such that Boot 2 (RWTS) is
loaded first, followed by the main part of DOS loaded first, followed by the main part of DOS
starting at $1C00. starting at $1C00.
When all patches have been made, reenter MASTER CREATE When all patches have been made, reenter MASTER CREATE
at location $82D (82DG). at location $82D (82DG).
Complete the MASTER CREATE update normally. The Complete the MASTER CREATE update normally. The
resulting diskette will have the patches applied. resulting diskette will have the patches applied.
.br .br
This procedure will work for versions 3.2, 3.2.1, and 3.3 of This procedure will work for versions 3.2, 3.2.1, and 3.3 of
DOS. DOS.
.SP1 .sp1
.ne5 .ne5
AVOIDING RELOAD OF LANGUAGE CARD AVOIDING RELOAD OF LANGUAGE CARD

36
D1S2/CH8#064000.txt
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@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
.m22 .m22
.m48 .m48
.fo ''-%- .fo ''-%-
.pn 5 .pn5
.pi 0 .pi0
.br .br
.np .np
.ce .ce
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ are given in decimal, addresses in
hexadecimal (base 16). hexadecimal (base 16).
.sp1 .sp1
DISK II CONTROLLER CARD ROM - BOOT 0 DISK II CONTROLLER CARD ROM - BOOT 0
.SP1 .sp1
.pi0 .pi0
.ul .ul
ADDRESS ADDRESS
@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ C600-C65B This routine is the first code executed when a disk
C600G or 6 control-P. C600G or 6 control-P.
Dynamically build a translate table for converting Dynamically build a translate table for converting
disk codes to six bit hex at location $356-$3FF. disk codes to six bit hex at location $356-$3FF.
Call an RTS instruction in the monitor ROM and Call an RTS instruction in the monitor ROM and
extract the return address from the stack to find out extract the return address from the stack to find out
the address of this controller card ROM. the address of this controller card ROM.
Use this address to determine the slot number of this Use this address to determine the slot number of this
drive by shifting $Csxx. drive by shifting $Csxx.
Save the slot number times 16 ($s0) Save the slot number times 16 ($s0)
@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ C65C-C6FA This subroutine reads the sector number stored at
Otherwise, go to $801 to begin executing the second Otherwise, go to $801 to begin executing the second
stage of the bootstrap. stage of the bootstrap.
.sp1 .sp1
FIRST RAM BOOTSTRAP LOADER - BOOT 1 FIRST RAM BOOTSTRAP LOADER - BOOT 1
.sp1 .sp1
.Ul .ul
ADDRESS ADDRESS
.np .np
0801-084C This routine loads the second RAM loader, Boot 2, 0801-084C This routine loads the second RAM loader, Boot 2,
@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ ADDRESS
Create the address of the ROM sector read subroutine Create the address of the ROM sector read subroutine
(C65C in our case) and store it at $3E,$3F. (C65C in our case) and store it at $3E,$3F.
Pick up the first memory page in which to read Boot 2 Pick up the first memory page in which to read Boot 2
from location $8FE, add the length of Boot 2 in from location $8FE, add the length of Boot 2 in
sectors from $8FF, and set that value as the first sectors from $8FF, and set that value as the first
address to which to read (read last page first). address to which to read (read last page first).
081F Get sector to read, if zero, go to $839. 081F Get sector to read, if zero, go to $839.
@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ ADDRESS
master disk, $B700 in its final relocated location). master disk, $B700 in its final relocated location).
.sp1 .sp1
DOS 3.3 MAIN ROUTINES DOS 3.3 MAIN ROUTINES
.SP1 .sp1
.Ul .ul
ADDRESS ADDRESS
.np .np
9D00-9D0F Relocatable address constants 9D00-9D0F Relocatable address constants
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ ADDRESS
and this table contains the address of the routine and this table contains the address of the routine
which handles each state from state 0 to state 6. which handles each state from state 0 to state 6.
.np .np
9D1E-9D55 Command handler entry point table. This table 9D1E-9D55 Command handler entry point table. This table
contains the address of a command handler subroutine contains the address of a command handler subroutine
for each DOS command in the following standard order: for each DOS command in the following standard order:
INIT A54F INIT A54F
@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ ADDRESS
9D5E Address of BASIC warmstart. 9D5E Address of BASIC warmstart.
9D60 Address of BASIC relocate (APPLESOFT only). 9D60 Address of BASIC relocate (APPLESOFT only).
.np .np
9D62-9D6B Image of the entry point vector for INTEGER BASIC. 9D62-9D6B Image of the entry point vector for INTEGER BASIC.
This image is copied to 9D56 if INTEGER BASIC is made This image is copied to 9D56 if INTEGER BASIC is made
active. active.
.np .np
@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ ADDRESS
Set NOMON C,I,O. Set NOMON C,I,O.
Set video intercept handler state to 0. Set video intercept handler state to 0.
Coldstart or warmstart the current BASIC (exit DOS). Coldstart or warmstart the current BASIC (exit DOS).
(DOS will next gain control when BASIC prints its (DOS will next gain control when BASIC prints its
input prompt character) input prompt character)
.np .np
9DEA-9E50 First entry processing for DOS. This routine is 9DEA-9E50 First entry processing for DOS. This routine is
@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ ADDRESS
Set MAXFILES to 3 by default. Set MAXFILES to 3 by default.
Call A7D4 to build the DOS file buffers. Call A7D4 to build the DOS file buffers.
If an EXEC was active, close the EXEC file If an EXEC was active, close the EXEC file
Set the video intercept state to 0 and indicate Set the video intercept state to 0 and indicate
warmstart status by calling A75B. warmstart status by calling A75B.
If the last command executed was not INIT (this DOS If the last command executed was not INIT (this DOS
was not just booted), go to 9E45. was not just booted), go to 9E45.
@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ ADDRESS
If so, go to A180 to execute it. Otherwise, return If so, go to A180 to execute it. Otherwise, return
to caller. to caller.
.np .np
9E51-9E7F An image of the DOS 3-page jump vector which the 9E51-9E7F An image of the DOS 3-page jump vector which the
above routine copies to $3D0-$3FF. See Chapter 5 for above routine copies to $3D0-$3FF. See Chapter 5 for
a description of its contents. a description of its contents.
.np .np
@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ ADDRESS
go to 9E9E. go to 9E9E.
Get value in A register at entry and echo it on the Get value in A register at entry and echo it on the
screen (erases flashing cursor). screen (erases flashing cursor).
If in read state (reading a file) go to A626 to get If in read state (reading a file) go to A626 to get
next byte from disk file. next byte from disk file.
Otherwise, call 9DEA to do first entry processing. Otherwise, call 9DEA to do first entry processing.
Put cursor on screen in next position. Put cursor on screen in next position.
@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ ADDRESS
If read flag is on (file being read) and output is a If read flag is on (file being read) and output is a
"?" character (BASIC INPUT), go to state 6 to skip "?" character (BASIC INPUT), go to state 6 to skip
it. it.
If read flag is on and output is prompt character If read flag is on and output is prompt character
($33) go to state 2 to ignore the line. ($33) go to state 2 to ignore the line.
Set state to 2 (ignore non-DOS command) just in case. Set state to 2 (ignore non-DOS command) just in case.
If output character is not a control-D, go to If output character is not a control-D, go to
@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ ADDRESS
Exit DOS with echo on screen if MON O. Exit DOS with echo on screen if MON O.
.np .np
9F61-9F70 State 5 output handler. --Start of WRITE data line-- 9F61-9F70 State 5 output handler. --Start of WRITE data line--
If the character is a control-D, go to state 0 to If the character is a control-D, go to state 0 to
immediately exit write mode. immediately exit write mode.
If the character is a line feed, write it and exit, If the character is a line feed, write it and exit,
staying in state 5. staying in state 5.

12
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@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
If it doesn't match and if there are more entries If it doesn't match and if there are more entries
left to check, go back to 9FD6. left to check, go back to 9FD6.
If it does match, go to A01B. If it does match, go to A01B.
Otherwise, if command was not found in the table, Otherwise, if command was not found in the table,
check to see if the first character was a control-D. check to see if the first character was a control-D.
If so, go to A6C4 to print "SYNTAX ERROR". If so, go to A6C4 to print "SYNTAX ERROR".
Otherwise, call A75B to reset the state and warmstart Otherwise, call A75B to reset the state and warmstart
flag and go to 9F95 to echo the command and exit. flag and go to 9F95 to echo the command and exit.
(the command must be for BASIC, not DOS) (the command must be for BASIC, not DOS)
A01B Compute an index into the operand table for the A01B Compute an index into the operand table for the
command which was entered. command which was entered.
Call A65E to see if a BASIC program is executing. Call A65E to see if a BASIC program is executing.
If not, and the command is not a direct type command, If not, and the command is not a direct type command,
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
is a legal operand for this command. is a legal operand for this command.
If not, go to A0A0. If not, go to A0A0.
Otherwise, clear the filename buffer (call A095). Otherwise, clear the filename buffer (call A095).
Flush to the next non-blank (call A1A4) and copy Flush to the next non-blank (call A1A4) and copy
the filename operand to the first filename buffer. the filename operand to the first filename buffer.
Skip forward to a comma if one was not found yet. Skip forward to a comma if one was not found yet.
If a second filename is legal for this command, use If a second filename is legal for this command, use
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ A17A-A17F Call A180 to process the command, then exit via echo
A180-A192 Do command. A180-A192 Do command.
Reset the video intercept state to zero. Reset the video intercept state to zero.
Clear the file manager parameter list. Clear the file manager parameter list.
Using the command index, get the address of the Using the command index, get the address of the
command handling routine from the command handler command handling routine from the command handler
routine table at 9D1E and go to it. routine table at 9D1E and go to it.
Command handler will exit to caller of this routine. Command handler will exit to caller of this routine.
@ -93,12 +93,12 @@ A193-A1A3 Get next character on command line and check to see
A1A4-A1AD Flush command line characters until a non-blank is A1A4-A1AD Flush command line characters until a non-blank is
found. found.
.np .np
A1AE-A1B8 Clear the file manager parameter list at B5BA to A1AE-A1B8 Clear the file manager parameter list at B5BA to
zeros. zeros.
.np .np
A1B9-A1D5 Convert numeric operand from command line. Call A1B9-A1D5 Convert numeric operand from command line. Call
either A1D6 (decimal convert) or A203 (hex convert) either A1D6 (decimal convert) or A203 (hex convert)
depending upon the presence or lack thereof of a depending upon the presence or lack thereof of a
dollar sign ($). dollar sign ($).
.np .np
A1D6-A202 Decimal convert subroutine. A1D6-A202 Decimal convert subroutine.

8
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@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ A331-A35C BSAVE command handler.
Open and verify a B type file (A3D5). Open and verify a B type file (A3D5).
Write the A keyword value as the first two bytes of Write the A keyword value as the first two bytes of
the file. the file.
Write the L keyword value as the next two bytes of Write the L keyword value as the next two bytes of
the file. the file.
Use the A value to exit by writing a range of bytes Use the A value to exit by writing a range of bytes
from memory to the file. from memory to the file.
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ A397-A3D4 SAVE command handler.
A3BC Open and test for I type file (A3D5). A3BC Open and test for I type file (A3D5).
Compute program length (HIMEM-PGMSTART). Compute program length (HIMEM-PGMSTART).
Write this two byte length to file. Write this two byte length to file.
Exit by writing program image from PGMSTART as a Exit by writing program image from PGMSTART as a
range of bytes (A3FF). range of bytes (A3FF).
.np .np
A3D5-A3DF Open and test file type. A3D5-A3DF Open and test file type.
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ A413-A479 LOAD command handler.
Which BASIC is active? Which BASIC is active?
If INTEGER, go to A450. If INTEGER, go to A450.
Select APPLESOFT BASIC (A4B1). This call could result Select APPLESOFT BASIC (A4B1). This call could result
in DOS losing control if the RAM version must be in DOS losing control if the RAM version must be
run. run.
Read first two bytes of file as length of program. Read first two bytes of file as length of program.
Add length to LOMEM (program start) to compute Add length to LOMEM (program start) to compute
@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ A4B1-A4D0 Select desired BASIC.
Save current command index in case we must RUN Save current command index in case we must RUN
APPLESOFT. APPLESOFT.
If INTEGER, go to A59E to select it. If INTEGER, go to A59E to select it.
Otherwise, copy primary file name to secondary Otherwise, copy primary file name to secondary
buffer to save it in case RAM APPLESOFT is needed. buffer to save it in case RAM APPLESOFT is needed.
Go to A57A to set APPLESOFT. Go to A57A to set APPLESOFT.
.np .np

4
D1S2/CH8.3#064000.txt
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ A59E-A5B1 INT command handler.
A5B2-A5C5 Set ROM to desired BASIC. A5B2-A5C5 Set ROM to desired BASIC.
(This routine is passed a $4C for APPLESOFT or a $20 (This routine is passed a $4C for APPLESOFT or a $20
for INTEGER, since these bytes appear at $E000 in for INTEGER, since these bytes appear at $E000 in
these BASICs. It will work regardless of which these BASICs. It will work regardless of which
BASIC is onboard) BASIC is onboard)
If desired BASIC is already available, exit. If desired BASIC is already available, exit.
Try selecting ROM card. Try selecting ROM card.
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ A65E-A678 Test to see if BASIC is running a program or is in
immediate command mode. immediate command mode.
If active BASIC is INTEGER, go to A672. If active BASIC is INTEGER, go to A672.
If line number is greater than 65280 and prompt is If line number is greater than 65280 and prompt is
"]" then APPLESOFT is in immediate mode. "]" then APPLESOFT is in immediate mode.
Otherwise, it is executing a program. Otherwise, it is executing a program.
Exit to caller with appropriate return code. Exit to caller with appropriate return code.
A672 Check $D9 to determine whether BASIC is executing a A672 Check $D9 to determine whether BASIC is executing a

12
D1S2/CH8.4#064000.txt
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ A909-A940 Command valid keywords table.
This table is used to determine which keywords are This table is used to determine which keywords are
required or may be given for any DOS command. required or may be given for any DOS command.
Each command has a two byte entry with 16 flags, Each command has a two byte entry with 16 flags,
indicating which keywords may be given. The flag indicating which keywords may be given. The flag
bit settings are as follows: bit settings are as follows:
.ul .ul
BIT MEANING BIT MEANING
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ A909-A940 Command valid keywords table.
.np .np
A941-A94A Keyword name table. A941-A94A Keyword name table.
This table contains all the ASCII names of the DOS This table contains all the ASCII names of the DOS
keywords in standard order. Each keyword name keywords in standard order. Each keyword name
occupies one byte: occupies one byte:
V,D,S,L,R,B,A,C,I,O V,D,S,L,R,B,A,C,I,O
.np .np
@ -133,13 +133,13 @@ A971-AA3E Error message text table.
.np .np
AA3F-AA4F Error message text offset index table. AA3F-AA4F Error message text offset index table.
This table contains the offset in bytes to the text This table contains the offset in bytes to the text
of any given error message in the table above. of any given error message in the table above.
Entries are one byte each for each error code number. Entries are one byte each for each error code number.
.np .np
AA4F-AA65 DOS main routines variables. AA4F-AA65 DOS main routines variables.
AA4F Current file buffer address (2 bytes). AA4F Current file buffer address (2 bytes).
AA51 Status flags: $01=READ state, $00=Warmstart, AA51 Status flags: $01=READ state, $00=Warmstart,
$80=Coldstart, $40=APPLESOFT RAM $80=Coldstart, $40=APPLESOFT RAM
AA52 DOS CSWL intercept state number. AA52 DOS CSWL intercept state number.
AA53 Address of true CSWL handler (2 bytes). AA53 Address of true CSWL handler (2 bytes).
AA55 Address of true KSWL handler (2 bytes). AA55 Address of true KSWL handler (2 bytes).
@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ AAFD-AB05 File manager external entry point (from $3D6).
Is X register zero? Is X register zero?
If so, allow new files by simulating an INIT command If so, allow new files by simulating an INIT command
index. index.
Otherwise, require old file by simulating a LOAD Otherwise, require old file by simulating a LOAD
command index. command index.
Fall through to main file manager entry point. Fall through to main file manager entry point.
.np .np

4
D1S2/CH8.5#064000.txt
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@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ AC96-ACA7 READ A RANGE OF BYTES subcode handler.
Read a byte (ACA8). Read a byte (ACA8).
Point $42,$43 at range address and add one to address Point $42,$43 at range address and add one to address
Store byte read at address. Store byte read at address.
Loop back to AC96. (length check will exit file Loop back to AC96. (length check will exit file
manager when length is zero.) manager when length is zero.)
.np .np
ACA8-ACB8 Read a data byte. ACA8-ACB8 Read a data byte.
@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ AE8E-AF07 INIT function handler.
Set up link from this directory sector to next (track Set up link from this directory sector to next (track
$11, sector-1). $11, sector-1).
Call RWTS to write directory sector. Call RWTS to write directory sector.
Write each sector on track in this way except for Write each sector on track in this way except for
sector zero. sector zero.
On last sector (sector 1) zero link pointer. On last sector (sector 1) zero link pointer.
Point RWTS parms at DOS load point (B7C2). Point RWTS parms at DOS load point (B7C2).

12
D1S2/CH8.6#064000.txt
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ AF5E-AFDB Read a T/S List sector to file buffer.
Is first or next wanted? Is first or next wanted?
If first, go to AFB5 to continue. If first, go to AFB5 to continue.
Otherwise, get link to next T/S List from this one. Otherwise, get link to next T/S List from this one.
If link is non-zero, use it to find next one and go If link is non-zero, use it to find next one and go
to AFB5. to AFB5.
Otherwise, we are out of T/S Lists for this file. Otherwise, we are out of T/S Lists for this file.
If we are reading file, exit with error code. If we are reading file, exit with error code.
@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ B0B6-B133 Read next data sector (if necessary).
If non-zero, go to B114. If non-zero, go to B114.
Otherwise, if not writing, exit with error (no data Otherwise, if not writing, exit with error (no data
to read there). to read there).
If writing, allocate a new sector and store its If writing, allocate a new sector and store its
track/sector location in the list at this point track/sector location in the list at this point
(B134). (B134).
Go to B120. Go to B120.
@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ B23A-B243 Switch to second pass in directory scan.
B244-B2C2 Allocate a disk sector. B244-B2C2 Allocate a disk sector.
Is there a track currently allocated to this file? Is there a track currently allocated to this file?
If not, go to B26A to find a track with free sectors. If not, go to B26A to find a track with free sectors.
B249 Otherwise, decrement sector number to get next B249 Otherwise, decrement sector number to get next
possible free sector number. possible free sector number.
If there are no more sectors on this track, go to If there are no more sectors on this track, go to
B265 to find a new track. B265 to find a new track.
@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ B244-B2C2 Allocate a disk sector.
Compute bit map index (tracknumber*4). Compute bit map index (tracknumber*4).
Copy track bit map from VTOC to workarea, watching Copy track bit map from VTOC to workarea, watching
to see if all four bytes are zero (track is full). to see if all four bytes are zero (track is full).
In any case, set all four bytes in VTOC to zero In any case, set all four bytes in VTOC to zero
(allocate all sectors). (allocate all sectors).
If no free sectors in the track, go to B272 to try If no free sectors in the track, go to B272 to try
next track. next track.
@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ B4BB-B5BA DIRECTORY sector buffer.
B5BB-B5D0 File manager parameter list. B5BB-B5D0 File manager parameter list.
B5BB Opcode B5BB Opcode
B5BC Subcode B5BC Subcode
B5BD Eight bytes of variable parameters depending on B5BD Eight bytes of variable parameters depending on
opcode. opcode.
B5C5 Return code. B5C5 Return code.
B5C7 Address of file manager workarea buffer. B5C7 Address of file manager workarea buffer.
@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ B600-B6FF Start of Boot 2/RWTS image.
on track 0, sector 0. on track 0, sector 0.
B65D DOS 3.3 patch area. B65D DOS 3.3 patch area.
B65D APPEND patch flag. B65D APPEND patch flag.
B65E APPEND patch. Come here when file manager driver B65E APPEND patch. Come here when file manager driver
gets an error other than end of data. gets an error other than end of data.
Locate and free the file buffer. Locate and free the file buffer.
Clear the APPEND flag. Clear the APPEND flag.

42
D1S2/CH8.7#064000.txt
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ B700-B749 DOS 2nd stage boot loader.
Create new stack. Create new stack.
Call SETVIC ($FE93) and SETKBD ($FE89). Call SETVIC ($FE93) and SETKBD ($FE89).
Exit to DOS coldstart ($9D84). Exit to DOS coldstart ($9D84).
.NP .np
B74A-B78C Put DOS on tracks 0-2. B74A-B78C Put DOS on tracks 0-2.
Set RWTS parmlist to write DOS to disk. Set RWTS parmlist to write DOS to disk.
Call Read/Write group of pages ($B793). Call Read/Write group of pages ($B793).
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ B793-B7B4 Read/Write a group of pages.
B7B5-B7C1 Disable interrupts and call RWTS. B7B5-B7C1 Disable interrupts and call RWTS.
.np .np
B7C2-B7D5 Set RWTS parameters for writing DOS. B7C2-B7D5 Set RWTS parameters for writing DOS.
.NP .np
B7D6-B7DE Zero current buffer. B7D6-B7DE Zero current buffer.
Zero 256 bytes pointed to by $42,$43. Zero 256 bytes pointed to by $42,$43.
Exit to caller. Exit to caller.
@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ B7E8-B7F8 RWTS parmlist.
B7F6 Volume number found. B7F6 Volume number found.
B7F7 Slot number found. B7F7 Slot number found.
B7F8 Drive number found. B7F8 Drive number found.
.NP .np
B7F9-B7FA Unused. B7F9-B7FA Unused.
.NP .np
B7FB-B7FE Device Characteristics Table (DCT). B7FB-B7FE Device Characteristics Table (DCT).
B7FB Device type (should be $00). B7FB Device type (should be $00).
B7FC Phases per track (should be $01). B7FC Phases per track (should be $01).
B7FD Motor on time count (2 bytes - should be $EF, $D8). B7FD Motor on time count (2 bytes - should be $EF, $D8).
.NP .np
B7FF Unused. B7FF Unused.
.np .np
B800-B829 PRENIBBLE routine. B800-B829 PRENIBBLE routine.
@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ B8DC-B943 READ routine.
B944-B99F RDADR routine. B944-B99F RDADR routine.
Read an Address Field. Read an Address Field.
Reads starting address marks ($D5/$AA/$96), address Reads starting address marks ($D5/$AA/$96), address
information (volume/track/sector/checksum), and information (volume/track/sector/checksum), and
closing address marks ($DE/$AA). closing address marks ($DE/$AA).
On entry: X-reg:Slot number times 16 On entry: X-reg:Slot number times 16
Read mode (Q6L,Q7L) Read mode (Q6L,Q7L)
@ -181,13 +181,13 @@ BA29-BA68 Write Translate Table.
Values range from $96 to $FF. Values range from $96 to $FF.
Codes with more than one pair of adjacent zeros or Codes with more than one pair of adjacent zeros or
with no adjacent ones are excluded. with no adjacent ones are excluded.
.NP .np
BA69-BA95 Unused. BA69-BA95 Unused.
.np .np
BA96-BAFF Read Translate Table. BA96-BAFF Read Translate Table.
Contains 8 bit bytes used to convert 6 bit "nibbles". Contains 8 bit bytes used to convert 6 bit "nibbles".
Values range from $96 to $FF. Values range from $96 to $FF.
Codes with more than one pair of adjacent zeros or Codes with more than one pair of adjacent zeros or
with no adjacent ones are excluded. with no adjacent ones are excluded.
.np .np
BB00-BBFF Primary Buffer. BB00-BBFF Primary Buffer.
@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ BCC4-BCDE Write double byte subroutine.
BCDF-BCFF Unused. BCDF-BCFF Unused.
.np .np
BD00-BD18 Main entry to RWTS. BD00-BD18 Main entry to RWTS.
Upon entry, store Y-reg and A-reg at $48,$49 as Upon entry, store Y-reg and A-reg at $48,$49 as
pointers to the IOB. pointers to the IOB.
Initialize maximum number of recals at 1 and seeks Initialize maximum number of recals at 1 and seeks
at 4. at 4.
@ -242,9 +242,9 @@ BD54-BD73 Move pointers in IOB to zero page for future use.
BD74-BD8F Select appropriate drive and save drive being used BD74-BD8F Select appropriate drive and save drive being used
as high bit of $35. 1=drive 1, 0=drive 2. as high bit of $35. 1=drive 1, 0=drive 2.
Get test results. If drive was on, branch to $BD90. Get test results. If drive was on, branch to $BD90.
Wait for capacitor to discharge using MSWAIT Wait for capacitor to discharge using MSWAIT
subroutine at $BA00. subroutine at $BA00.
BD90-BDAA Get destination track and go to it using MYSEEK BD90-BDAA Get destination track and go to it using MYSEEK
subroutine at $BE5A. subroutine at $BE5A.
Check test result again and if drive was on, Check test result again and if drive was on,
branch to TRYTRK at $BDAB. branch to TRYTRK at $BDAB.
@ -281,17 +281,17 @@ BE0B-BE0C Used to branch to ALLDONE at $BE46.
BE0D-BF0F FORMDSK BE0D-BF0F FORMDSK
Jump to DSKFORM at $BEAF. Jump to DSKFORM at $BEAF.
BE10-BE25 RTTRK BE10-BE25 RTTRK
Check volume number found against volume number Check volume number found against volume number
wanted. wanted.
If no volume was specified, then no error. If no volume was specified, then no error.
If specified volume doesn't match, load A-reg with If specified volume doesn't match, load A-reg with
$20 (volume mismatch error) and exit via HNDLERR $20 (volume mismatch error) and exit via HNDLERR
at $BE48. at $BE48.
BE26-BE45 CRCTVOL BE26-BE45 CRCTVOL
Check to see if sector is correct. Check to see if sector is correct.
Use ILFAV table at $BFB8 for software sector Use ILFAV table at $BFB8 for software sector
interleaving. interleaving.
If wrong sector, try again by branching back to If wrong sector, try again by branching back to
TRYADR at $BDC1. TRYADR at $BDC1.
If sector correct, find out what operation to do. If sector correct, find out what operation to do.
If write, branch to WRIT at $BE51. If write, branch to WRIT at $BE51.
@ -310,11 +310,11 @@ BE51-BE59 WRITE
If the write was good, exit via ALLDONE ($BE46). If the write was good, exit via ALLDONE ($BE46).
If bad write, load A-reg with $10 (write protect If bad write, load A-reg with $10 (write protect
error) and exit via HNDLERR ($BE48). error) and exit via HNDLERR ($BE48).
BE5A-BE8D MYSEEK BE5A-BE8D MYSEEK
Provides necessary housekeeping before going to Provides necessary housekeeping before going to
SEEKABS routine. SEEKABS routine.
Determines number of phases per track and stores Determines number of phases per track and stores
track information in appropriate slot dependent track information in appropriate slot dependent
location. location.
BE8E-BE94 XTOY routine. BE8E-BE94 XTOY routine.
Put slot in Y-reg by transferring X-reg divided Put slot in Y-reg by transferring X-reg divided
@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ BEAF-BF0C INIT command handler
Allow 48 retries during initialization. Allow 48 retries during initialization.
Double check that the first sector found is zero Double check that the first sector found is zero
after calling TRACK WRITE. after calling TRACK WRITE.
Increment the track number after successfully Increment the track number after successfully
formatting a track. formatting a track.
Loop back until 35 tracks are done. Loop back until 35 tracks are done.
BF0D-BF61 TRACK WRITE routine. BF0D-BF61 TRACK WRITE routine.
@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ BF0D-BF61 TRACK WRITE routine.
Preceed it with 128 self-sync bytes. Preceed it with 128 self-sync bytes.
Follow them with sectors 0 through 15 in sequence. Follow them with sectors 0 through 15 in sequence.
Set retry count for verifying the track at 48. Set retry count for verifying the track at 48.
Fill the sector initilization map with positive Fill the sector initilization map with positive
numbers. numbers.
Loop through a delay period to bypass most of the Loop through a delay period to bypass most of the
initial self-sync bytes. initial self-sync bytes.
@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ BF62-BF87 VERIFY TRACK routine.
This routine reads all 16 sectors from the track that This routine reads all 16 sectors from the track that
was just formatted. was just formatted.
If an error occurs during the read of either the If an error occurs during the read of either the
Address Field or the Data Field, the number of Address Field or the Data Field, the number of
retries is decremented. retries is decremented.
The routine continues reading until retries is zero. The routine continues reading until retries is zero.
Calls Sector Map routine ($BF88). Calls Sector Map routine ($BF88).
@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ BF88-BFA7 Sector Map routine.
if that value is greater than zero. if that value is greater than zero.
Upon completion of track zero, the sync count is Upon completion of track zero, the sync count is
decremented by two if it is at least 16. decremented by two if it is at least 16.
.NP .np
BFA8-BFB7 Sector Initialization Map used to mark sectors as BFA8-BFB7 Sector Initialization Map used to mark sectors as
they are initialized. they are initialized.
Contains a $30 prior to initialization of a track. Contains a $30 prior to initialization of a track.

2
D1S2/CH8.ZPAGE.USE#064000.txt
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
.nf .nf
.na .na
DOS ZERO PAGE USAGE DOS ZERO PAGE USAGE
.SP1 .sp1
.un .un
BYTE USE BYTE USE
24 Cursor horizontal (DOS) 24 Cursor horizontal (DOS)

90
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@ -1,39 +1,39 @@
.na .na
.NF .nf
.ce .ce
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
.SP3 .sp3
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
.SP3 .sp3
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 2
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
THE EVOLUTION OF DOS THE EVOLUTION OF DOS
.SP1 .sp1
DOS 3 DOS 3
DOS 3.1 DOS 3.1
DOS 3.2 DOS 3.2
DOS 3.2.1 DOS 3.2.1
DOS 3.3 DOS 3.3
.SP3 .sp3
CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 3
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
THE DISK II HARDWARE AND TRACK FORMATTING THE DISK II HARDWARE AND TRACK FORMATTING
.SP1 .sp1
DISK ORGANIZATION DISK ORGANIZATION
TRACK FORMATTING TRACK FORMATTING
DATA FIELD ENCODING DATA FIELD ENCODING
SECTOR INTERLEAVING SECTOR INTERLEAVING
.SP3 .sp3
CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 4
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
DISKETTE DATA FORMATS DISKETTE DATA FORMATS
.SP1 .sp1
DISKETTE SPACE ALLOCATION DISKETTE SPACE ALLOCATION
THE VTOC THE VTOC
THE CATALOG THE CATALOG
@ -43,21 +43,21 @@ BINARY FILES
APPLESOFT AND INTEGER FILES APPLESOFT AND INTEGER FILES
OTHER FILE TYPES (S,R,A,B) OTHER FILE TYPES (S,R,A,B)
EMERGENCY REPAIRS EMERGENCY REPAIRS
.SP3 .sp3
CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
THE STRUCTURE OF DOS THE STRUCTURE OF DOS
.SP1 .sp1
DOS MEMORY USE DOS MEMORY USE
THE DOS VECTORS IN PAGE 3 THE DOS VECTORS IN PAGE 3
WHAT HAPPENS DURING BOOTING WHAT HAPPENS DURING BOOTING
.SP3 .sp3
CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 6
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
USING DOS FROM ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE USING DOS FROM ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
.SP1 .sp1
DIRECT USE OF DISK DRIVE DIRECT USE OF DISK DRIVE
CALLING READ/WRITE TRACK/SECTOR (RWTS) CALLING READ/WRITE TRACK/SECTOR (RWTS)
RWTS IOB BY CALL TYPE RWTS IOB BY CALL TYPE
@ -65,50 +65,50 @@ CALLING THE DOS FILE MANAGER
FILE MANAGER PARAMETER LIST BY CALL TYPE FILE MANAGER PARAMETER LIST BY CALL TYPE
THE FILE MANAGER WORKAREA THE FILE MANAGER WORKAREA
COMMON ALGORITHMS COMMON ALGORITHMS
.SP3 .sp3
CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 7
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
CUSTOMIZING DOS CUSTOMIZING DOS
.SP1 .sp1
SLAVE VS MASTER PATCHING SLAVE VS MASTER PATCHING
AVOIDING RELOAD OF LANGUAGE CARD AVOIDING RELOAD OF LANGUAGE CARD
INSERTING A PROGRAM BETWEEN DOS AND ITS BUFFERS INSERTING A PROGRAM BETWEEN DOS AND ITS BUFFERS
BRUN OR EXEC A HELLO FILE BRUN OR EXEC A HELLO FILE
REMOVING THE PAUSE DURING A LONG CATALOG REMOVING THE PAUSE DURING A LONG CATALOG
.SP3 .sp3
CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 8
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
DOS PROGRAM LOGIC DOS PROGRAM LOGIC
.SP1 .sp1
DISK II CONTROLLER CARD ROM - BOOT 0 DISK II CONTROLLER CARD ROM - BOOT 0
FIRST RAM BOOT STRAP LOADER - BOOT 1 FIRST RAM BOOT STRAP LOADER - BOOT 1
DOS 3.3 MAIN ROUTINES DOS 3.3 MAIN ROUTINES
DOS FILE MANAGER DOS FILE MANAGER
READ/WRITE TRACK/SECTOR READ/WRITE TRACK/SECTOR
.BP .bp
APPENDIX A APPENDIX A
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
EXAMPLE PROGRAMS EXAMPLE PROGRAMS
.SP1 .sp1
HOW TO USE THE PROGRAMS HOW TO USE THE PROGRAMS
DUMP - TRACK DUMP PROGRAM DUMP - TRACK DUMP PROGRAM
ZAP - DISK UPDATE PROGRAM ZAP - DISK UPDATE PROGRAM
FTS - FIND TRACK/SECTOR LISTS PROGRAM FTS - FIND TRACK/SECTOR LISTS PROGRAM
COPY - BINARY TO TEXT FILE CONVERT PROGRAM COPY - BINARY TO TEXT FILE CONVERT PROGRAM
INIT - REFORMAT A SINGLE DISK TRACK INIT - REFORMAT A SINGLE DISK TRACK
.SP3 .sp3
APPENDIX B APPENDIX B
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
DISK PROTECTION SCHEMES DISK PROTECTION SCHEMES
.SP3 .sp3
APPENDIX C APPENDIX C
.SP1 .sp1
.UL .ul
GLOSSARY GLOSSARY
.SP3 .sp3
INDEX INDEX
.BR .br

56
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@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
.ec^ .ec^
.m11 .m11
.m22 .m22
.m48 .m48
.na .na
.ll60 .ll60
.fo ''-%- .fo ''-%-
.pn 5 .pn5
.pi 0 .pi0
.br .br
.np .np
.ce .ce
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ It is recommended that, until the
reader is completely familiar with reader is completely familiar with
the operation of these programs, he the operation of these programs, he
would be well advised to use them would be well advised to use them
only on an "expendable" diskette. only on an "expendable" diskette.
None of the programs can physically None of the programs can physically
damage a diskette, but they can, if damage a diskette, but they can, if
used improperly, destroy the data on used improperly, destroy the data on
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ re-INITialized.
.sp1 .sp1
Five programs are provided: Five programs are provided:
.sp1 .sp1
.NF .nf
DUMP TRACK DUMP UTILITY DUMP TRACK DUMP UTILITY
.pi8 .pi8
.in8 .in8
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ attempt to patch a diskette directory
back together. It is also useful in back together. It is also useful in
examining the structure of files examining the structure of files
stored on disk and in applying stored on disk and in applying
patches to files or DOS directly. patches to files or DOS directly.
ZAP allows its user to read, and ZAP allows its user to read, and
optionally write, any sector on a optionally write, any sector on a
diskette. As such, it serves as a diskette. As such, it serves as a
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ INIT REFORMAT A SINGLE TRACK
This program will initialize a single This program will initialize a single
track on a diskette. Any volume track on a diskette. Any volume
number ($00-$FF) may be specified. number ($00-$FF) may be specified.
INIT is useful in restoring a track INIT is useful in restoring a track
whose sectoring has been damaged whose sectoring has been damaged
without reinitializing the entire without reinitializing the entire
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ FTS FIND T/S LISTS UTILITY
.in8 .in8
FTS may be used when the directory FTS may be used when the directory
for a diskette has been destroyed. for a diskette has been destroyed.
It searches every sector on a It searches every sector on a
diskette for what appear to be diskette for what appear to be
Track/Sector Lists, printing the Track/Sector Lists, printing the
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ the File Manager.
.pi0 .pi0
.in0 .in0
STORING THE PROGRAMS ON DISKETTE STORING THE PROGRAMS ON DISKETTE
.pp .pp
The enterprising programmer may wish The enterprising programmer may wish
to type the source code for each to type the source code for each
program into an assembler and program into an assembler and
@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ be stored there
.sp1 .sp1
For example... For example...
.sp1 .sp1
.NF .nf
0800:20 DC 03 112 COPY JSR LOCFPL FIND PARMLIST 0800:20 DC 03 112 COPY JSR LOCFPL FIND PARMLIST
.SP1 .sp1
.FI .fi
indicates that the binary code indicates that the binary code
"20DC03" should be stored at 0800 and "20DC03" should be stored at 0800 and
that this is statement 112. To enter that this is statement 112. To enter
@ -172,14 +172,14 @@ must type in each address and its
corresponding object code. The corresponding object code. The
following is an example of how to following is an example of how to
enter the DUMP program: enter the DUMP program:
.BP .bp
.nf .nf
CALL -151 (Enter the monitor from BASIC) CALL -151 (Enter the monitor from BASIC)
0800:20 E3 03 0800:20 E3 03
0803:84 00 0803:84 00
0805:85 01 0805:85 01
0807:A5 02 0807:A5 02
.SP1 .sp1
...etc... ...etc...
.sp1 .sp1
0879:85 3F 0879:85 3F
@ -196,16 +196,16 @@ When the program is to be run...
BLOAD DUMP (Load program) BLOAD DUMP (Load program)
CALL -151 (Get into monitor) CALL -151 (Get into monitor)
02:11 N 800G (Store track to dump, run program) 02:11 N 800G (Store track to dump, run program)
.pp .pp
The BSAVE commands which must be used The BSAVE commands which must be used
with the other programs are: with the other programs are:
.sp1 .sp1
BSAVE ZAP,A$900,L$6C BSAVE ZAP,A$900,L$6C
.BR .br
BSAVE INIT,A$800,L$89 BSAVE INIT,A$800,L$89
.BR .br
BSAVE FTS,A$900,L$DC BSAVE FTS,A$900,L$DC
.BR .br
BSAVE COPY,A$800,L$1EC BSAVE COPY,A$800,L$1EC
.bp .bp
DUMP -- TRACK DUMP UTILITY DUMP -- TRACK DUMP UTILITY
@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ I/O errors. The DUMP program serves
as an example of direct use of the as an example of direct use of the
DISK II hardware from assembly DISK II hardware from assembly
language, with little or no use of language, with little or no use of
DOS. DOS.
To use DUMP, first store the number To use DUMP, first store the number
of the track you wish dumped at of the track you wish dumped at
@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ The next step up the ladder from DUMP
is to access data on the diskette at is to access data on the diskette at
the sector level. The ZAP program the sector level. The ZAP program
allows its user to specify a track allows its user to specify a track
and sector to be read into memory. and sector to be read into memory.
The programmer can then make changes The programmer can then make changes
in the image of the sector in memory in the image of the sector in memory
and subsequently use ZAP to write the and subsequently use ZAP to write the
@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ entered...
.nf .nf
803:02 (Change 03 to 02) 803:02 (Change 03 to 02)
04:02 N 900G (Change ZAP to write mode and do it) 04:02 N 900G (Change ZAP to write mode and do it)
.pp .pp
Note that ZAP will remember the Note that ZAP will remember the
previous previous
values in $02, $03, and $04. values in $02, $03, and $04.
@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ printed by FTS to see if it is really
a T/S List. Additionally, FTS will a T/S List. Additionally, FTS will
find every T/S List image on the find every T/S List image on the
diskette, even some which were for diskette, even some which were for
files which have since been deleted. files which have since been deleted.
Since it is difficult to determine Since it is difficult to determine
which files are valid and which are which files are valid and which are
old deleted files, it is usually old deleted files, it is usually
@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ read track $12, sector $0F. At +$0C
is the track and sector of the first is the track and sector of the first
sector in the file. This sector can sector in the file. This sector can
be read and examined to try to be read and examined to try to
identify the file and its type. identify the file and its type.
Usually a BASIC program can be Usually a BASIC program can be
identified, even though it is stored identified, even though it is stored
in tokenized form, from the text in tokenized form, from the text
@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ strings contained in the PRINT
statements. An ASCII conversion statements. An ASCII conversion
chart (see page 8 in the APPLE II chart (see page 8 in the APPLE II
REFERENCE MANUAL) can be used to REFERENCE MANUAL) can be used to
decode these character strings. decode these character strings.
Straight T-type files will also Straight T-type files will also
contain ASCII text, with each line contain ASCII text, with each line
separated from the others with $8D separated from the others with $8D
@ -509,8 +509,8 @@ something else. Given below is an
example ZAP to the CATALOG to create example ZAP to the CATALOG to create
an entry for the file whose T/S List an entry for the file whose T/S List
is at T=12 S=0F. is at T=12 S=0F.
.SP1 .sp1
.NF .nf
CALL -151 CALL -151
BLOAD ZAP BLOAD ZAP
...insert disk to be ZAPped... ...insert disk to be ZAPped...
@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ found by FTS until all of the files
have been recovered. As each file is have been recovered. As each file is
recovered, it may be RENAMEd to its recovered, it may be RENAMEd to its
previous name. Once all the files previous name. Once all the files
have been copied to another disk, have been copied to another disk,
and successfully tested, the and successfully tested, the
damaged disk may be re-INITialized. damaged disk may be re-INITialized.
.bp .bp
@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ file. The name of the input file is
assumed to be "INPUT", although this assumed to be "INPUT", although this
could just as easily have been could just as easily have been
inputted from the keyboard, and the inputted from the keyboard, and the
name of the output file is "OUTPUT". name of the output file is "OUTPUT".
COPY is a single drive operation, COPY is a single drive operation,
using the last drive which was using the last drive which was
referenced. referenced.

18
D2S1/APPENDIX.B#064000.txt
View File

@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ the order of the information,
doubling the sector numbers, or doubling the sector numbers, or
altering the checksum with some altering the checksum with some
constant. Any of the above would constant. Any of the above would
cause an I/O error in a normal DOS. cause an I/O error in a normal DOS.
Finally, we have the two closing Finally, we have the two closing
bytes ($DE/$AA), which are similar to bytes ($DE/$AA), which are similar to
the starting bytes, but with a the starting bytes, but with a
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ also. Switching the third bytes
between the two fields is an example between the two fields is an example
of a protective measure. The data of a protective measure. The data
portion consists of 342 bytes of portion consists of 342 bytes of
data, followed by a checksum byte. data, followed by a checksum byte.
Quite often the data is written so Quite often the data is written so
that the checksum computation will be that the checksum computation will be
non-zero, causing an error. The non-zero, causing an error. The
@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ A state of the art protection scheme
consists of two elements. First, the consists of two elements. First, the
data is stored on the diskette in data is stored on the diskette in
some non-standard way in order to some non-standard way in order to
make copying very difficult. make copying very difficult.
Secondly, some portion of memory is Secondly, some portion of memory is
utilized that will be altered upon a utilized that will be altered upon a
RESET. (For example, the primary RESET. (For example, the primary
@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ software from being removed from
memory intact. memory intact.
Recently, several "nibble" or byte Recently, several "nibble" or byte
copy programs have become available. copy programs have become available.
Unlike traditional copy programs Unlike traditional copy programs
which require the data to be in a which require the data to be in a
predefined format, these utilities predefined format, these utilities
@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ protected disks were first
introduced, it has been asked, "why introduced, it has been asked, "why
can't a track be read into memory and can't a track be read into memory and
then written back out to another then written back out to another
diskette in exactly the same way?". diskette in exactly the same way?".
The problem lies with the self-sync The problem lies with the self-sync
or auto-sync bytes. (For a full or auto-sync bytes. (For a full
discussion see Chapter 3) These discussion see Chapter 3) These
@ -227,13 +227,13 @@ will expand the physical space needed
to write the track back out, since to write the track back out, since
sync bytes require 25% more room. If sync bytes require 25% more room. If
enough hex $FF's occur in the data, enough hex $FF's occur in the data,
the track will overwrite itself. the track will overwrite itself.
This can happen in general if the This can happen in general if the
drive used to write the data is drive used to write the data is
significantly slower than normal. significantly slower than normal.
Thus, we are back to having to Thus, we are back to having to
analyze the data and, in effect, make analyze the data and, in effect, make
some assumptions. It appears that, some assumptions. It appears that,
apart from using some apart from using some
hardware device to help find the sync hardware device to help find the sync
bytes, a software program must make bytes, a software program must make
@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ nibble copy programs to rely heavily
upon the user for direction. If the upon the user for direction. If the
present trend continues, it is very present trend continues, it is very
likely that protection schemes will likely that protection schemes will
evolve to a point where automated evolve to a point where automated
techniques cannot be used to defeat techniques cannot be used to defeat
them. them.
.br .br

38
D2S1/APX.C.1#064000.txt
View File

@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
APPENDIX C - GLOSSARY APPENDIX C - GLOSSARY
.sp1 .sp1
.pn5 .pn5
.IN20 .in20
.PI-20 .pi-20
ACCESS TIME]>The time required to ACCESS TIME]>The time required to
locate and read or write data on a locate and read or write data on a
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ ALPHANUMERIC]>An alphabetic character
term used to refer to the class of all term used to refer to the class of all
characters and digits. characters and digits.
ANALOG]>As opposed to digital. ANALOG]>As opposed to digital.
Having a value which is continuous, Having a value which is continuous,
such as a voltage or electrical such as a voltage or electrical
resistance. resistance.
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ of a program or data against the
possibility of its accidental loss or possibility of its accidental loss or
destruction. destruction.
BASE]>The number system in use. BASE]>The number system in use.
Decimal is base 10, since each digit Decimal is base 10, since each digit
represents a power of 10 represents a power of 10
(1,10,100,...). Hexadecimal is base (1,10,100,...). Hexadecimal is base
@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ predecessor via an address pointer.
CHECKSUM/CRC]>A method for verifying CHECKSUM/CRC]>A method for verifying
that data has not been damaged. When that data has not been damaged. When
data is written, the sum of all its data is written, the sum of all its
constituent bytes is stored with it. constituent bytes is stored with it.
If, when the data is later read, its If, when the data is later read, its
sum no longer matches the checksum, sum no longer matches the checksum,
it has been damaged. it has been damaged.
@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ it has been damaged.
CLOBBERED]>Damaged or destroyed. A CLOBBERED]>Damaged or destroyed. A
clobbered sector is one which has clobbered sector is one which has
been overwritten such that it is been overwritten such that it is
unrecoverable. unrecoverable.
CODE]>Executable instructions to the CODE]>Executable instructions to the
computer, usually in machine computer, usually in machine
@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ contain a printable ASCII character, binary
numeric data, or a machine language numeric data, or a machine language
instruction. instruction.
DCT]>Device Characteristics Table. DCT]>Device Characteristics Table.
Used as an input parameter table to Used as an input parameter table to
Read/Write Track/Sector (RWTS) to Read/Write Track/Sector (RWTS) to
describe the hardware characteristics describe the hardware characteristics
@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ an executing BASIC program. OPEN,
READ, WRITE, and CLOSE are all READ, WRITE, and CLOSE are all
examples of deferred commands. examples of deferred commands.
DIGITAL]>As opposed to analog. DIGITAL]>As opposed to analog.
Discrete values as opposed to Discrete values as opposed to
continuous ones. Only digital values continuous ones. Only digital values
may be stored in a computer. Analog may be stored in a computer. Analog
@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ data stored there.
DISK INITIALIZATION]>The process DISK INITIALIZATION]>The process
which places track formatting which places track formatting
information, including sectors and information, including sectors and
gaps, on a blank diskette. gaps, on a blank diskette.
During disk initialization, DOS also During disk initialization, DOS also
places a VTOC and directory on the places a VTOC and directory on the
newly formatted disk, as well as newly formatted disk, as well as
@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ saving the HELLO program.
DISPLACEMENT]>The distance from the DISPLACEMENT]>The distance from the
beginning of a block of data to a beginning of a block of data to a
particular byte or field. particular byte or field.
Displacements are usually given Displacements are usually given
beginning with 0, for the first byte, beginning with 0, for the first byte,
1 for the second, etc. Also known as 1 for the second, etc. Also known as
@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ sends them to the printer.
DUMP]>An unformatted or partially DUMP]>An unformatted or partially
formatted listing of the contents of formatted listing of the contents of
memory or a diskette in hexadecimal. memory or a diskette in hexadecimal.
Used for diagnostic purposes. Used for diagnostic purposes.
ENCODE]>To translate data from one ENCODE]>To translate data from one
@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ on a DISK II.
ENTRY POINT (EPA)]>The entry point ENTRY POINT (EPA)]>The entry point
address is the location within a address is the location within a
program where execution is to start. program where execution is to start.
This is not necessarily the same as This is not necessarily the same as
the load point (or lowest memory the load point (or lowest memory
address in the program). address in the program).
@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ because it easily converts with
binary. binary.
HIGH MEMORY]>Those memory locations HIGH MEMORY]>Those memory locations
which have high address values. which have high address values.
$FFFF is the highest memory location. $FFFF is the highest memory location.
Also called the "top" of memory. Also called the "top" of memory.
@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ block of storage.
INSTRUCTION]>A single step to be INSTRUCTION]>A single step to be
performed in an assembly language or performed in an assembly language or
machine language program. machine language program.
Instructions perform such operations Instructions perform such operations
as addition, subtraction, store, or as addition, subtraction, store, or
load. load.
@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ disk or cassette tape.
JMP]>A 6502 assembly langauge JMP]>A 6502 assembly langauge
instruction which causes the computer instruction which causes the computer
to begin executing instructions at a to begin executing instructions at a
different location in memory. different location in memory.
Similar to a GOTO statement in BASIC. Similar to a GOTO statement in BASIC.
JSR]>A 6502 assembly langauge JSR]>A 6502 assembly langauge
@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ from the keyboard or a remote
terminal. terminal.
LABEL]>A name associated with a LABEL]>A name associated with a
location in a program or in memory. location in a program or in memory.
Labels are used in assembly langauge Labels are used in assembly langauge
much like statement numbers are used much like statement numbers are used
in BASIC. in BASIC.
@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ array of data items.
LOAD POINT (LP)]>The lowest address LOAD POINT (LP)]>The lowest address
of a loaded assembly language of a loaded assembly language
program -- the first byte loaded. program -- the first byte loaded.
Not necessarily the same as the entry Not necessarily the same as the entry
point address (EPA). point address (EPA).
@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ or Least Significant Byte. The 1's
bit in a byte or the second pair of bit in a byte or the second pair of
hexadecimal digits forming an hexadecimal digits forming an
address. In the address $8030, $30 address. In the address $8030, $30
is the LO order part of the address. is the LO order part of the address.
MASTER DISK]>A DOS diskette which MASTER DISK]>A DOS diskette which
will boot in an APPLE II of any size will boot in an APPLE II of any size
@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ stored as a file on a diskette.
OFFSET]>The distance from the OFFSET]>The distance from the
beginning of a block of data to a beginning of a block of data to a
particular byte or field. particular byte or field.
Offsets are usually given Offsets are usually given
beginning with 0, for the first byte, beginning with 0, for the first byte,
1 for the second, etc. Also known as 1 for the second, etc. Also known as

20
D2S1/APX.C.2#064000.txt
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
PAGE]>256 bytes of memory which share PAGE]>256 bytes of memory which share
a common high order address byte. a common high order address byte.
Zero page is the first 256 bytes of Zero page is the first 256 bytes of
memory ($0000 through $00FF). memory ($0000 through $00FF).
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ a separate line or wire.
PARAMETER LIST]>An area of storage PARAMETER LIST]>An area of storage
set aside for communication between set aside for communication between
a calling program and a subroutine. a calling program and a subroutine.
The parameter list contains input and The parameter list contains input and
output variables which will be used output variables which will be used
by the subroutine. by the subroutine.
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ beginning of a disk field which
uniquely identify it from any other uniquely identify it from any other
data on the track. data on the track.
PROM]>Programmable Read Only Memory. PROM]>Programmable Read Only Memory.
PROMs are usually used on controller PROMs are usually used on controller
cards associated with peripherals to cards associated with peripherals to
hold the driver program which hold the driver program which
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ RELEASE]>A version of a distributed
piece of software. There have been piece of software. There have been
several releases of DOS. several releases of DOS.
RELOCATABLE]>The attribute of RELOCATABLE]>The attribute of
an object module file an object module file
which contains a machine language which contains a machine language
program and the information necessary program and the information necessary
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ RETURN CODE]>A numeric value returned
from a subroutine, indicating the from a subroutine, indicating the
success or failure of the operation success or failure of the operation
attempted. A return code of zero attempted. A return code of zero
usually means there were no errors. usually means there were no errors.
Any other value indicates the nature Any other value indicates the nature
of the error, as defined by the of the error, as defined by the
design of the subroutine. design of the subroutine.
@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ DOS image will always be loaded into
the same memory location, regadless the same memory location, regadless
of the size of the machine. of the size of the machine.
SOFT ERROR]>A recoverable I/O error. SOFT ERROR]>A recoverable I/O error.
A worn diskette might produce soft A worn diskette might produce soft
errors occasionally. errors occasionally.
@ -252,13 +252,13 @@ Also called "strobe".
TOKENS]>A method where human TOKENS]>A method where human
recognizable words may be coded to recognizable words may be coded to
single binary byte values for memory single binary byte values for memory
compression and faster processing. compression and faster processing.
BASIC statements are tokenized, where BASIC statements are tokenized, where
hex codes are assigned to words like hex codes are assigned to words like
IF, PRINT, and END. IF, PRINT, and END.
TRACK]>One complete circular path of TRACK]>One complete circular path of
magnetic storage on a diskette. magnetic storage on a diskette.
There are 35 concentric tracks on an APPLE There are 35 concentric tracks on an APPLE
diskette. diskette.
@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ sector number for each of its data
sectors in the order that they are to sectors in the order that they are to
be read or written. be read or written.
TTL]>Transistor to Transistor Logic. TTL]>Transistor to Transistor Logic.
A standard for the interconnection of A standard for the interconnection of
integrated circuits which also integrated circuits which also
defines the which voltages defines the which voltages
@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ VOLUME]>An identification for a
diskette, disk platter, or cassette, diskette, disk platter, or cassette,
containing one or more files. containing one or more files.
VTOC]>Volume Table Of Contents. VTOC]>Volume Table Of Contents.
Based upon the IBM OS/VS VTOC. On Based upon the IBM OS/VS VTOC. On
the APPLE, a sector mapping the the APPLE, a sector mapping the
free sectors on the diskette and free sectors on the diskette and

20
D2S1/CORRECTIONS#064000.txt
View File

@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Q7H with Q6L = Write
Q7H with Q6H = Load Write Latch Q7H with Q6H = Load Write Latch
.bp .bp
SIG 3-4 SIG 3-4
.SP3 .sp3
8-5 8-5
.sp1 .sp1
9E9E If EXECing, call A682 to get the next byte from the 9E9E If EXECing, call A682 to get the next byte from the
@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ SIG 3-4
8-8 8-8
.sp1 .sp1
table of valid keywords (A941). table of valid keywords (A941).
.SP3 .sp3
8-9 8-9
.SP1 .sp1
A1AE-A1B8 Clear the file manager parameter list at B5BB to A1AE-A1B8 Clear the file manager parameter list at B5BB to
.sp3 .sp3
8-13 8-13
@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ AACA-ACD9 WRITE A RANGE OF BYTES subcode handler.
ACDA-ACEE Write a data byte. ACDA-ACEE Write a data byte.
.sp3 .sp3
8-27 8-27
.SP1 .sp1
AF3A Otherwise, set up RWTS pointer (AF4B). AF3A Otherwise, set up RWTS pointer (AF4B).
.SP1 .sp1
next (C=1)). next (C=1)).
.sp3 .sp3
8-28 8-28
@ -78,13 +78,13 @@ B134-B15A Add a new data sector to file.
8-34 8-34
.sp1 .sp1
Call SETVID ($FE93) and SETKBD ($FE89). Call SETVID ($FE93) and SETKBD ($FE89).
.SP3 .sp3
8-35 8-35
.SP1 .sp1
$20=Volume mismatch, $40=Drive error, $08=INIT error. $20=Volume mismatch, $40=Drive error, $08=INIT error.
.sp1 .sp1
Uses Write Translate Table ($BA29). Uses Write Translate Table ($BA29).
.SP3 .sp3
8-37 8-37
.sp1 .sp1
Y-reg:number of autosyncs to write Y-reg:number of autosyncs to write
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ B134-B15A Add a new data sector to file.
8-39 8-39
.sp1 .sp1
Jump to DSKFORM at $BEAF. Jump to DSKFORM at $BEAF.
.SP1 .sp1
Use ILEAV table at $BFB8 for software sector Use ILEAV table at $BFB8 for software sector
.sp3 .sp3
8-41 8-41
@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ B134-B15A Add a new data sector to file.
BFC8-BFD8 Patch area starts here. BFC8-BFD8 Patch area starts here.
.bp .bp
SIG 5-6 SIG 5-6
.SP3 .sp3
A-16 A-16
.sp1 .sp1
using ZAP to patch a catalog entry into track 17 for each using ZAP to patch a catalog entry into track 17 for each

3
README.md
View File

@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ join in--send patches, help add stuff, etc.
* Escape all else in C-style * Escape all else in C-style
3. Remove NUL at end of .txt files 3. Remove NUL at end of .txt files
4. .pp dot command is paragraph break, replace with blank line. 4. .pp dot command is paragraph break, replace with blank line.
5. Remove trailing whitespace
6. Normalize case and spacing of dot commands (lowercase here)
This has probably broken the .s files a bit, and I haven't bothered to decompile This has probably broken the .s files a bit, and I haven't bothered to decompile
the five byte HELLO ... ;) the five byte HELLO ... ;)